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State of the World's Children 1998
Carol Bellamy, Executive Director, United Nations Children's Fund

CHAPTER II

Statistical tables

1  Basic indicators
2  Nutrition
3  Health
4  Education
5  Demographic indicators 
6  Economic indicators 
7  Women 
8  The rate of progress  
   Measuring human development
   Regional summaries country list

Statistics, vital indicators of the care, nurture and
resources that children receive in their communities and
countries, help chart progress towards the goals set at the
1990 World Summit for Children. The eight tables in this
report have been expanded to give the broadest possible
coverage of important basic indicators for nutrition, health,
education, demographics, economic indicators and the
situation of women, plus rates of progress and regional
summaries. They also include complete data, as available, on
less populous countries, covering 193 countries in all,
listed alphabetically. Countries are shown on page 93 in
descending order of their estimated 1996 under-five mortality
rates, which is also the first basic indicator in table 1.

Panels

1  Vitamin A supplements save pregnant women's lives
2  What is malnutrition?
3  Stunting linked to impaired intellectual development
4  Recognizing the right to nutrition
5  Growth and sanitation: What can we learn from chickens?
6  Breastmilk and transmission of HIV
7  High-energy biscuits for mothers boost infant survival by  
   50 per cent
8  UNICEF and the World Food Programme
9  Triple A takes hold in Oman
10 Celebrating gains in children's health in Brazil
11 Rewriting Elias's story in Mbeya
12 Women in Niger take the lead against malnutrition
13 BFHI: Breastfeeding breakthroughs
14 Tackling malnutrition in Bangladesh
15 Kiwanis mobilize to end iodine deficiency's deadly toll
16 Indonesia makes strides against vitamin A deficiency
17 Making food enrichment programmes sustainable
18 Zinc and vitamin A: Taking the sting out of malaria
19 Protecting nutrition in crises
20 Progress against worms for pennies
21 Child nutrition a priority for the new South Africa

Spotlights

Ten steps to successful breastfeeding
Vitamin A
Zinc
Iron
Iodine
Folate

Text figures

Fig.1  Malnutrition and child mortality
Fig.2  Trends in child malnutrition, by region
Fig.3  From good nutrition to greater productivity and beyond
Fig.4  Poverty and malnutrition in Latin America and the      
       Caribbean
Fig.5  Causes of child malnutrition
Fig.6  Inadequate dietary intake/disease cycle
Fig.7  Intergenerational cycle of growth failure
Fig.8  Better nutrition through triple A
Fig.9  Iodine deficiency disorders and salt iodization
Fig.10 Progress in vitamin A supplementation programmes
Fig.11 Measles deaths and vitamin A supplementation
Fig.12 Zinc supplementation and child growth (Ecuador, 1986)
Fig.13 Maternal height and Caesarean delivery (Guatemala,     
       1984-1986)

References

Glossary

Press Kit
 Summary: Malnutrition: Causes, consequences and solutions
 Fact Sheet: Summing up malnutrition's shame
 Fact Sheet: Malnutrition: Causes
 Fact Sheet: Micronutrients
 Feature: Child malnutrition and women's rights
 Feature: In Burundi camps, the spetre of malnutrition looms
 Feature: Malnutrition in industrialized countries



The state of the world's children 1998 - Chapter II

Statistical tables

Economic and social statistics on the nations of the world,
with particular reference to children's well-being.

General note on the data 
Explanation of symbols   
Under-five mortality rankings 
Regional summaries country list    
Glossary  

Tables
1  Basic indicators
2  Nutrition
3  Health
4  Education
5  Demographic indicators 
6  Economic indicators 
7  Women 
8  The rate of progress  
   Regional Summaries Country List


                            * * * *
General note on the data

Four major changes have been made to the statistical tables
in The State of the World's Children 1998 report.

First, the less populous countries, which were previously
presented in a separate table, have been merged into the main
tables. Each of the eight tables now lists 193 countries.

Second, only independent, sovereign countries are listed;
these include all countries that are members of the United
Nations and all countries that have ratified the Convention
on the Rights of the Child.

Third, countries are now listed alphabetically in each table
rather than in descending order of their under-five mortality
rate (U5MR). However, because this rate is a crucial
indicator, countries ranked in order of their U5MR are listed
on the page opposite this note. Every table also includes a
column providing the U5MR rank of each country. The index to
countries, which appeared before table 1 in previous reports,
has been eliminated.

Fourth, the regional summary for each table now appears with
its relevant table.

The data presented in these tables are  accompanied by
definitions, sources and explanations of symbols. The tables
are derived from many sources and thus will inevitably
contain a wide range of data quality. Official government
data received by the responsible United Nations agency have
been used whenever possible. In the many cases where there
are no reliable official figures, estimates made by the
responsible United Nations agency have been used. Where such
internationally standardized estimates do not exist, the
tables draw on other sources, particularly data received from
the appropriate UNICEF field office. Where possible, only
comprehensive or representative national data have been used.

Data quality is likely to be adversely  affected for
countries that have recently  suffered from man-made or
natural disasters. This is particularly so where basic
country  infrastructure has been fragmented or major
population movements have occurred.

Data for life expectancy, total fertility rate, crude birth
and death rates, etc. are part of the regular work on
estimates and projections undertaken by the United Nations
Population Division. These and other internationally produced
estimates are revised  periodically, which explains why some
of the data will differ from those found in earlier UNICEF
publications.

In addition, the statistical tables in the present report
contain new data from recent Multiple Indicator Cluster
Surveys. These  surveys were carried out in 1995 and 1996 by
more than 60 countries worldwide as a means of assessing the
progress made for children in the context of the goals of the
World Summit for Children.

Two new indicators have also been introduced. 'Per cent of
routine EPI vaccines  financed by government', the first of
these new indicators, appears in table 3. This indicator
reflects a country's capacity to immunize children as an
integral part of its health care system. It replaces the
previous indicator entitled 'per cent of population with 
access to health services', which although of interest to
many has been eliminated because of the poor quality of the
data.

'Per cent of population below $1 per day', the second new
indicator, can be found in table 6. This indicator is now
used by the World Bank and is a more explicit monetary
measure of international poverty than the indicator it
replaces. Previous reports defined absolute poverty as the
income level below which a minimum nutritionally adequate
diet, plus essential non-food requirements, was not
affordable.


Explanation of symbols

Since the aim of this statistics chapter is to provide a
broad picture of the situation of children and women
worldwide, detailed data qualifications and footnotes are
seen as more appropriate for inclusion elsewhere. Only three
symbols are used to classify the table data.

-    Indicates data are not available.

x    Indicates data that refer to years or periods other than
those specified in the column heading, differ from the
standard definition, or refer to only part of a country.

y    Indicates that survey data were used for estimating net
primary school enrolment (in table 4 only).

                           * * * *


Under-five mortality rankings

The following list ranks countries in descending order of
their estimated 1996 under-five mortality rate (U5MR).
Countries are listed alphabetically in the Basic indicator
tables.



Country                U5MR     U5MR
                       rank     rank


Niger                    320       1
Angola                   292       2
Sierra Leone             284       3
Afghanistan              257       4
Liberia                  235       5
Guinea-Bissau            223       6
Mali                     220       7
Malawi                   217       8
Mozambique               214       9
Somalia                  211      10
Guinea                   210      11
Congo, Dem. Rep.         207      12
Zambia                   202      13
Nigeria                  191      14
Mauritania               183      15
Ethiopia                 177      16
Burundi                  176      17
Equatorial Guinea        173      18
Cambodia                 170      19
Rwanda                   170      19
Central African Rep.     164      21
Madagascar               164      21
Burkina Faso             158      23
Djibouti                 157      24
C“te d'Ivoire            150      25
Myanmar                  150      25
Chad                     149      27
Gabon                    145      28
Tanzania                 144      29
Uganda                   141      30
Benin                    140      31
Lesotho                  139      32
Pakistan                 136      33
Haiti                    134      34
Lao People's Dem. Rep    128      35
Bhutan                   127      36
Senegal                  127      36
Togo                     125      38
Comoros                  122      39
Iraq                     122      39
Eritrea                  120      41
Nepal                    116      42
Sudan                    116      42
Bangladesh               112      44
Papua New Guinea         112      44
India                    111      46
Ghana                    110      47
Congo                    108      48
Gambia                   107      49
Yemen                    105      50
Bolivia                  102      51
Cameroon                 102      51
Swaziland                 97      53
Marshall Islands          92      54
Kenya                     90      55
Guyana                    83      56
Sao Tome and Principe     80      57
Egypt                     78      58
Turkmenistan              78      58
Namibia                   77      60 
Kiribati                  76      61
Maldives                  76      61
Tajikistan                76      61
Morocco                   74      64
Cape Verde                73      65
Zimbabwe                  73      65
Indonesia                 71      67
Mongolia                  71      67
South Africa              66      69
Libya                     61      70
Uzbekistan                60      71
Peru                      58      72
Nicaragua                 57      73
Dominican Rep.            56      74
Guatemala                 56      74
Tuvalu                    56      74
Samoa                     53      77
Vanuatu                   53      77
Brazil                    52      79
Botswana                  50      80
Kyrgyzstan                50      80
China                     47      82
Turkey                    47      82
Kazakstan                 45      84
Azerbaijan                44      85
Belize                    44      85
Viet Nam                  44      85
Albania                   40      88
Ecuador                   40      88
El Salvador               40      88
Lebanon                   40      88
Algeria                   39      92
Philippines               38      93
Saint Kitts and Nevis     38      93
Thailand                  38      93
Iran                      37      96
Honduras                  35      97
Palau                     35      97
Tunisia                   35      97
Paraguay                  34     100
Syria                     34     100
Mexico                    32     102
Moldova, Rep. of          32     102
Colombia                  31     104
Grenada                   31     104
Nauru                     31     104
Suriname                  31     104
Armenia                   30     108
Cook Islands              30     108
Korea, Dem. People's Rep. 30     108
Saudi Arabia              30     108
TFYR Macedonia            30     108
Georgia                   29     113
Solomon Islands           29     113
Venezuela                 28     115
Micronesia,Fed.States of  27     116
Argentina                 25     117
Jordan                    25     117
Romania                   25     117
Russian Federation        25     117
Fiji                      24     121
Ukraine                   24     121
Bahamas                   23     123
Mauritius                 23     123
Saint Vincent/Grenadines  23     123
Tonga                     23     123
Antigua and Barbuda       22     127
Bahrain                   22     127
Saint Lucia               22     127
Uruguay                   22     127
Yugoslavia, Fed. Rep.     22     127
Qatar                     21     132
Dominica                  20     133
Latvia                    20     133
Panama                    20     133
Bulgaria                  19     136
Seychelles                19     136
Sri Lanka                 19     136
Belarus                   18     139
Lithuania                 18     139
Oman                      18     139
United Arab Emirates      18     139
Bosnia and Herzegovina    17     143
Trinidad and Tobago       17     143
Estonia                   16     145
Costa Rica                15     146
Kuwait                    14     147
Poland                    14     147
Chile                     13     149
Malaysia                  13     149
San Marino                13     149
Barbados                  12     152
Hungary                   12     152
Brunei Darussalam         11     154
Croatia                   11     154
Jamaica                   11     154
Malta                     11     154
Slovakia                  11     154
Cuba                      10     159
Cyprus                    10     159
Greece                     9     161
Israel                     9     161
United States              8     163
Belgium                    7     164
Canada                     7     164
Czech Rep.                 7     164
Ireland                    7     164
Italy                      7     164
Korea, Rep. of             7     164
Liechtenstein              7     164
Luxembourg                 7     164
New Zealand                7     164
Portugal                   7     164
United Kingdom             7     164
Andorra                    6     175
Australia                  6     175
Austria                    6     175
Denmark                    6     175
France                     6     175
Germany                    6     175
Japan                      6     175
Monaco                     6     175
Netherlands                6     175
Norway                     6     175
Slovenia                   6     175
Iceland                    5     186
Spain                      5     186
Switzerland                5     186
Finland                    4     189
Singapore                  4     189
Sweden                     4     189
Holy See                no data     
Niue                    no data     

                           
                            * * * *


        Table 1: Basic  indicators
                                                                                                                                               % share
                                                 Infant                             Annual                                         Primary     of household
                                   Under-5     mortality                Annual      no. of                  Life         Total     school      income
                                  mortality       rate         Total    no. of      under-5     GNP         expectancy   adult     enrolment   1990-96
                                    rate       (under 1)    population  births      deaths      per capita  at birth     literacy  ratio
                                                           (thousands) (thousands) (thousands)  (US$)       (years)      rate      (gross)     lowest  highest
                            U5MR  1960  1996   1960  1996        1996        1996        1996       1995          1996     1995     1990-95      40%   20%
                            rank
        Afghanistan            4   360   257    215   165       20883        1127         290        250x           45       32          48       -    -
        Albania               88   151    40    112    34        3401          75           3        670            71       -           98       -    -
        Algeria               92   255    39    152    34       28784         857          33       1600            68       62         105       18x  46x
        Andorra              175    -      6     -      5          71           1           0         c             -        -           -        -    -
        Angola                 2   345   292    208   170       11185         546         159        410            47       42x         88       -    -
        Antigua and Barbuda  127    -     22     -     18          66           1           0       6980x           75       95x        100x      -    -
        Argentina            117    72    25     60    22       35219         709          18       8030            73       96         111       -    -
        Armenia              108    48    30     38    25        3638          50           2        730            71      100          90       -    -
        Australia            175    24     6     20     6       18057         262           2      18720            78       -          107       16x  42x
        Austria              175    43     6     37     5        8106          86           0      26890            77       -          103       -    -
        Azerbaijan            85    75    44     55    34        7594         154           7        480            71      100         117       -    -
        Bahamas              123    68    23     51    19         284           5           0      11940            73       98          97       -    -
        Bahrain              127   203    22    130    18         570          12           0       7840            73       85         111       -    -
        Bangladesh            44   247   112    151    83      120073        3186         357        240            57       38          79       23   38
        Barbados             152    90    12     74    11         261           3           0       6560            76       97          90       -    -
        Belarus              139    47    18     37    14       10348         106           2       2070            70       99          97       26   33
        Belgium              164    35     7     31     6       10159         115           1      24710            77       -           99       22x  36x
        Belize                85   104    44     74    36         219           7           0       2630            74       80x        111       -    -
        Benin                 31   310   140    184    84        5563         238          33        370            54       37          72       -    -
        Bhutan                36   300   127    175    90        1812          76          10        420            52       42          25x      -    -
        Bolivia               51   252   102    152    71        7593         258          26        800            61       83          95       15   48
        Bosnia and Herzegovi 143   155    17    105    15        3628          43           1         a             73       -           -        -    -
        Botswana              80   170    50    117    40        1484          52           3       3020            52       70         115       11x  59x
        Brazil                79   177    52    115    44      161087        3211         167       3640            67       83         114        7x  68x
        Brunei Darussalam    154    87    11     63     9         300           6           0      25160            75       88         109       -    -
        Bulgaria             136    70    19     49    16        8468          86           2       1330            71       98          86       21   39
        Burkina Faso          23   318   158    183    82       10780         501          79        230            46       19          39       -    -
        Burundi               17   255   176    151   106        6221         272          48        160            46       35          69       -    -
        Cambodia              19   217   170    146   108       10273         360          61        270            53       65x        118       -    -
        Cameroon              51   264   102    156    63       13560         539          55        650            56       63          89       -    -
        Canada               164    33     7     28     6       29680         367           2      19380            79       97x        103       18x  40x
        Cape Verde            65   164    73    110    54         396          12           1        960            66       72         131       -    -
        Central African Rep.  21   343   164    195   103        3344         127          21        340            49       60          71x      -    -
        Chad                  27   325   149    195    92        6515         275          41        180            47       48          55       -    -
        Chile                149   138    13    107    11       14421         294           4       4160            75       95          99       10   61
        China                 82   209    47    140    38     1232083       20712         973        620            69       82         118       15   48
        Colombia             104   130    31     82    26       36444         878          27       1910            71       91         121       11   56
        Comoros               39   248   122    165    83         632          26           3        470            57       57          75       -    -
        Congo                 48   220   108    143    81        2668         115          12        680            51       75          -        -    -
        Congo, Dem. Rep.      12   302   207    175   128       46812        2135         442        120            53       77          68       -    -
        Cook Islands         108    -     30     -     26          19           0           0       1550x           -        99x         98       -    -
        Costa Rica           146   112    15     80    13        3500          86           1       2610            77       95         106       13x  51x
        Côte d'Ivoire         25   300   150    195    90       14015         523          78        660            51       40          68       18x  44x
        Croatia              154    98    11     70    10        4501          48           1       3250            72       98          86       -    -
        Cuba                 159    54    10     39    10       11018         149           2       1170x           76       96         104       -    -
        Cyprus               159    36    10     30     9         756          12           0      10260x           77       94x        100       -    -
        Czech Rep.           164    25     7     22     6       10251         111           1       3870            73       -          100       24   37
        Denmark              175    25     6     22     6        5237          68           0      29890            75       -           99       17x  39x
        Djibouti              24   289   157    186   112         617          24           4        780x           50       46          38       -    -
        Dominica             133    -     20     -     17          71           2           0       2990            73       -           -        -    -
        Dominican Rep.        74   149    56    102    45        7961         198          11       1460            71       82         103       12x  56x
        Ecuador               88   180    40    115    31       11699         309          12       1390            70       90         123       14   53
        Egypt                 58   282    78    189    57       63271        1690         132        790            65       51          98       21   41
        El Salvador           88   210    40    130    34        5796         166           7       1610            69       72          79       -    -
        Equatorial Guinea     18   316   173    188   111         410          17           3        380            49       79         149x      -    -
        Eritrea               41   250   120    170    78        3280         135          16        100x           50       -           49       -    -
        Estonia              145    52    16     40    13        1471          13           0       2860            69       98         101       17   46
        Ethiopia              16   280   177    175   113       58243        2856         506        100            49       36          27       21x  41x
        Fiji                 121    97    24     71    20         797          18           0       2440            72       92         128       -    -
        Finland              189    28     4     22     4        5126          62           0      20580            76       -          100       18x  38x
        France               175    34     6     29     5       58333         692           4      24990            79       -          105       17x  42x
        Gabon                 28   287   145    171    87        1106          41           6       3490            55       63          -        -    -
        Gambia                49   375   107    213    78        1141          46           5        320            46       39          67       -    -
        Georgia              113    70    29     52    23        5442          77           2        440            73       99          82       -    -
        Germany              175    40     6     34     5       81922         774           4      27510            76       -           97       19x  40x
        Ghana                 47   213   110    126    70       17832         692          76        390            57       65          76       20   42
        Greece               161    64     9     53     8       10490         104           1       8210            78       97          95       -    -
        Grenada              104    -     31     -     25          92           2           0       2980            -        96x         88x      -    -
        Guatemala             74   204    56    140    43       10928         405          23       1340            66       56          84        8x  63x
        Guinea                11   380   210    215   130        7518         359          75        550            46       36          46       11   50
        Guinea-Bissau          6   336   223    200   132        1091          44          10        250            44       55          60x       9   59
        Guyana                56   126    83    100    60         838          19           2        590            64       98         112x      -    -
        Haiti                 34   260   134    170    94        7259         250          34        250            54       45          56       -    -
        Holy See              -     -     -      -     -            1          -           -          -             -        -           -        -    -
        Honduras              97   204    35    137    29        5816         201           7        600            69       73         112       11   57
        Hungary              152    57    12     51    11       10049         104           1       4120            69       99          97       24   37
        Iceland              186    22     5     17     5         271           4           0      24950            79       -           98       -    -
        India                 46   236   111    144    73      944580       24381        2706        340            62       52         102       21   43
        Indonesia             67   216    71    127    47      200453        4732         336        980            64       84         115       21   41
        Iran                  96   233    37    145    33       69975        2446          91       1033x           69       69         101       -    -
        Iraq                  39   171   122    117    94       20607         770          94       1036x           61       58          91       -    -
        Ireland              164    36     7     31     6        3554          46           0      14710            76       -          104       -    -
        Israel               161    39     9     32     8        5664         115           1      15920            77       95x         95       18x  40x
        Italy                164    50     7     44     6       57226         528           4      19020            78       98          98       19x  41x
        Jamaica              154    76    11     58    10        2491          56           1       1510            74       85         109       16   48
        Japan                175    40     6     31     4      125351        1281           8      39640            80       -          102       22x  38x
        Jordan               117   139    25     97    21        5581         211           5       1510            69       87          94       16   50
        Kazakstan             84    74    45     55    38       16820         312          14       1330            68      100          87       20   40
        Kenya                 55   202    90    120    61       27799        1027          92        280            54       78          91       10   62
        Kiribati              61    -     76     -     56          80           2           0        920            58       93x         91       -    -
        Korea, Dem. People's 108   120    30     85    23       22466         493          15        970x           72       -          104x      -    -
        Korea, Rep. of       164   127     7     90     6       45314         688           5       9700            72       98          95       20x  42x
        Kuwait               147   128    14     89    13        1687          40           1      17390            76       79          69       -    -
        Kyrgyzstan            80   115    50     80    39        4469         117           6        700            68       97         111       10   57
        Lao People's Dem. Re  35   235   128    155   102        5035         227          29        350            53       57         107       23   40
        Latvia               133    44    20     35    16        2504          25           1       2270            68      100          83       23   37
        Lebanon               88    85    40     65    33        3084          76           3       2660            69       92         112       -    -
        Lesotho               32   203   139    137    96        2078          74          10        770            58       71          99        9x  60x
        Liberia                5   288   235    190   157        2245         121          28        490x           48       38          35x      -    -
        Libya                 70   269    61    160    50        5593         227          14       5540x           65       76         110       -    -
        Liechtenstein        164    -      7     -      6          31           0           0         c             -       100x         -        -    -
        Lithuania            139    70    18     52    14        3728          41           1       1900            70       99          96       20   42
        Luxembourg           164    41     7     33     7         412           5           0      41210            76       -           91       -    -
        Madagascar            21   364   164    219   100       15353         643         105        230            58       46          73       16   50
        Malawi                 8   365   217    206   137        9845         487         106        170            41       56         120       -    -
        Malaysia             149   105    13     73    11       20581         539           7       3890            72       84          93       13x  54x
        Maldives              61   258    76    158    54         263          11           1        990            64       93         134       -    -
        Mali                   7   500   220    285   134       11134         539         119        250            47       31          32       -    -
        Malta                154    42    11     37    10         369           5           0       7910x           77       91         108       -    -
        Marshall Islands      54    -     92     -     63          57           2           0       1680x           -        91x         95       -    -
        Mauritania            15   330   183    175   124        2333          90          16        460            53       38          74       14x  47x
        Mauritius            123    84    23     62    20        1129          22           1       3380            71       83         106       -    -
        Mexico               102   148    32    103    27       92718        2351          75       3320            72       90         111       12   55
        Micronesia, Fed. Sta 116    -     27     -     21         126           4           0       2010            -        81x        100       -    -
        Moldova, Rep. of     102    88    32     64    26        4444          61           2        920            68       99          94       19   42
        Monaco               175    -      6     -      5          32           0           0         c             -        -           -        -    -
        Mongolia              67   185    71    128    55        2515          70           5        310            65       83          84       -    -
        Morocco               64   220    74    135    64       27021         714          53       1110            66       44          80       17   46
        Mozambique             9   280   214    163   133       17796         763         163         80            47       40          65       -    -
        Myanmar               25   237   150    158   105       45922        1276         191        220x           59       83         100       -    -
        Namibia               60   206    77    129    60        1575          57           4       2000            56       76x        137       -    -
        Nauru                104    -     31     -     25          11           0           0         -             -        -           -        -    -
        Nepal                 42   315   116    212    82       22021         822          95        200            56       28         109       19   45
        Netherlands          175    22     6     18     5       15575         190           1      24000            78       -           97       21x  37x
        New Zealand          164    26     7     22     7        3602          56           0      14340            77       -          102       16x  45x
        Nicaragua             73   209    57    140    44        4238         145           8        380            68       66         104       12   55
        Niger                  1   320   320    191   191        9465         484         155        220            48       14          30       19   44
        Nigeria               14   204   191    122   114      115020        4975         950        260            52       57          89       13   49
        Niue                  -     -     -      -     -            2           0          -          -             -        99x         -        -    -
        Norway               175    23     6     19     5        4348          59           0      31250            77       -           99       19x  37x
        Oman                 139   280    18    164    15        2302         102           2       4820            70       59x         83       -    -
        Pakistan              33   226   136    139    95      139973        5207         708        460            63       38          69       21   40
        Palau                 97    -     35     -     25          17           1           0        790x           -        98x        103       -    -
        Panama               133   104    20     67    18        2677          62           1       2750            74       91         106        8x  60x
        Papua New Guinea      44   204   112    137    79        4400         144          16       1160            57       72          82       -    -
        Paraguay             100    90    34     66    28        4957         158           5       1690            69       92         109       -    -
        Peru                  72   234    58    142    45       23944         615          36       2310            68       89         123       14   50
        Philippines           93   107    38     77    32       69282        2029          77       1050            68       95         111       17x  48x
        Poland               147    70    14     62    12       38601         463           6       2790            71       -           99       23   37
        Portugal             164   112     7     81     7        9808         110           1       9740            75       90         117       -    -
        Qatar                132   239    21    145    17         558          10           0      11600            71       79          87       -    -
        Romania              117    82    25     69    21       22655         247           6       1480            70       98          94       24   35
        Russian Federation   117    65    25     48    20      148126        1427          36       2240            65       99         109       12   54
        Rwanda                19   210   170    124   105        5397         263          45        180            36       61          77       23x  39x
        Saint Kitts and Nevi  93    -     38     -     31          41           1           0       5170            69       90x         -        -    -
        Saint Lucia          127    -     22     -     18         144           4           0       3370            71       -           95x      -    -
        Saint Vincent/Grenad 123    -     23     -     19         113           2           0       2280            72       82x         95x      -    -
        Samoa                 77   210    53    134    42         166           4           0       1120            69       98x        100       -    -
        San Marino           149    -     13     -     12          25           0           0         -             -        -           -        -    -
        Sao Tome and Princip  57    -     80     -     62         135           6           0        350            69       57x         -        -    -
        Saudi Arabia         108   292    30    170    25       18836         657          20       7040            71       63          77       -    -
        Senegal               36   300   127    173    74        8532         356          45        600            51       33          60       11   59
        Seychelles           136    -     19     -     15          74           3           0       6620            72       84x        102x      -    -
        Sierra Leone           3   385   284    219   164        4297         207          59        180            37       31          51       -    -
        Singapore            189    40     4     31     4        3384          56           0      26730            77       91         107       15x  49x
        Slovakia             154    40    11     33    10        5347          64           1       2950            71       -          101       28   31
        Slovenia             175    45     6     37     6        1924          18           0       8200            73       99x        100       23   38
        Solomon Islands      113   185    29    120    24         391          14           0        910            71       62x         97       -    -
        Somalia               10   294   211    175   125        9822         504         106        110x           48       24x         11x      -    -
        South Africa          69   126    66     89    50       42393        1280          84       3160            65       82         117        9   63
        Spain                186    57     5     46     5       39674         387           2      13580            78       97         104       22x  37x
        Sri Lanka            136   130    19     90    17       18100         322           6        700            73       90         105       22   39
        Sudan                 42   210   116    125    73       27291         929         108        310x           54       46          55       -    -
        Suriname             104    96    31     70    25         432           9           0        880            71       93         127x      -    -
        Swaziland             53   233    97    157    68         881          33           3       1170            59       77         122       -    -
        Sweden               189    20     4     16     4        8819         108           0      23750            78       -          100       21x  37x
        Switzerland          186    27     5     22     5        7224          80           0      40630            78       -          101       17x  45x
        Syria                100   201    34    136    28       14574         450          15       1120            68       71         103       -    -
        Tajikistan            61   140    76     95    56        5935         184          14        340            67      100          89       -    -
        Tanzania              29   240   144    142    93       30799        1281         184        120            51       68          70       18   45
        TFYR Macedonia       108   177    30    120    26        2174          32           1        860            72       -           87       -    -
        Thailand              93   148    38    103    31       58703         996          38       2740            69       94          87       14   53
        Togo                  38   267   125    158    78        4201         179          22        310            50       52         102       -    -
        Tonga                123    -     23     -     19          98           2           0       1630            69       99x         98x      -    -
        Trinidad and Tobago  143    73    17     61    15        1297          21           0       3770            73       98          94       -    -
        Tunisia               97   254    35    170    28        9156         223           8       1820            69       67         118       16   46
        Turkey                82   219    47    163    41       61797        1371          64       2780            68       82          97       -    -
        Turkmenistan          58   150    78    100    57        4155         122          10        920            65       98x         -        18   43
        Tuvalu                74    -     56     -     40          10           0           0        650x           -        99x        101       -    -
        Uganda                30   224   141    133    88       20256        1040         147        240            41       62          67       17   48
        Ukraine              121    53    24     41    18       51608         511          12       1630            69       99          87       24   35
        United Arab Emirates 139   240    18    160    15        2260          42           1      17400            75       79         110       -    -
        United Kingdom       164    27     7     23     6       58144         706           5      18700            77       -          114       15x  44x
        United States        163    30     8     26     8      269444        3827          32      26980            76       99x        107       16x  42x
        Uruguay              127    56    22     48    20        3204          54           1       5170            73       97         109       -    -
        Uzbekistan            71   122    60     84    46       23209         674          40        970            68      100          77       -    -
        Vanuatu               77   225    53    141    41         174           5           0       1200            67       64x        106       -    -
        Venezuela            115    70    28     53    24       22311         570          16       3020            72       91          94       11   58
        Viet Nam              85   219    44    147    33       75181        1975          87        240            67       94         114       19   44
        Yemen                 50   340   105    230    78       15678         756          79        260            57       33x         83       -    -
        Yugoslavia, Fed. Rep 127   120    22     87    19       10294         131           3         b             72       98          70       -    -
        Zambia                13   213   202    126   112        8275         356          72        400            43       78          82       12   50
        Zimbabwe              65   181    73    109    49       11439         436          32        540            49       85         115       10   62

        Regional summaries
        Sub-Saharan Africa         257   170    154   105      576069       24777        4224        501            51       57          73       11   58
        Middle East and North Af   241    65    154    50      318201       10248         662       1710            65       59          93       -    -
        South Asia                 239   119    146    80     1267705       35132        4173        345            61       49          94       21   42
        East Asia and Pacific      201    54    133    41     1797840       34355        1843       1043            68       84         114       17   46
        Latin America and Caribb   157    43    105    35      479139       11201         484       3271            69       87         110        9   61
        CEE/CIS and Baltic State   101    36     76    29      474657        6649         237       2086            68       97          97       18   44
        Industrialized countries    37     7     31     6      838679       10056          70      25926            77       98         104       18   40
        Developing countries       216    97    137    66     4577675      118889       11546       1101            62       71          99       15   51
        Least developed countrie   280   171    171   109      594510       23695        4041        220            51       48          69       20   43
        World                      192    88    123    60     5752290      132418       11694       4812            63       75         100       18   42

        Countries in each region can be found in the Regional summaries country list.
        a: Range $765 or less
        b: Range $766 to $3035
        c: Range $9386 or more


Definitions of the indicators

Under-five mortality rate - Probability of dying between
birth and exactly five years of age expressed per 1,000 live
births.

Infant mortality rate - Probability of dying between birth
and exactly one year of age expressed per 1,000 live births. 

GNP per capita - Gross national product (GNP) is the sum of
gross value added by all resident producers, plus any taxes
that are not included in the valuation of output, plus net
receipts of primary income from non-resident sources. GNP per
capita is the gross national product, converted to United
States dollars using the World Bank Atlas method, divided by
the mid-year population.

Life expectancy at birth - The number of years newborn
children would live if subject to the mortality risks
prevailing for the cross-section of population at the time of
their birth. 

Adult literacy rate  Percentage of persons aged 15 and over
who can read and write. 

Gross primary school enrolment ratio - The number of children
enrolled in primary school, regardless of age, divided by the
population of the age group that officially corresponds to
primary schooling.

Income share - Percentage of income received by the 20 per
cent of households with the highest income and by the 40 per
cent of households with the lowest income. 


Main data sources

Under-five and infant mortality rates - UNICEF, United
Nations Population Division and United Nations Statistics
Division.

Total population - United Nations Population Division.

Births - United Nations Population Division. 
 
Under-five deaths - UNICEF.

GNP per capita - World Bank.

Life expectancy - United Nations Population Division.

Adult literacy - United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization (UNESCO). 

School enrolment - United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization (UNESCO).

Household income - World Bank.



Notes

a:   Range $765 or less
b:   Range $765 to $3035
c:   Range $9386 or more
- Data not available.
x Indicates data that refer to years or periods other than
  those specified in the column heading, differ from the
  standard definition, or refer to only part of a country.

                                  * * * *



        Table 2: Nutrition

                                      % of      % of children (1990-96) who are:              % of under-fives (1990-97) suffering from:
                                    infants                                                                                                Total          %  of
                                    with low   exclusively   breastfed with  still             underweight      wasting   stunting       goitre rate    households
                                     birth      breastfed    complementary   breastfeeding                                              (6-11 years)    consuming
                             U5MR    weight                     food                         moderate         moderate    moderate          (%)         iodized salt
                             rank    1990-94   (0-3 months)  (6-9 months)    (20-23 months)  & severe severe  & severe    & severe         1985-94        1992-96

        Afghanistan              4        20            -               -               -        -       -        -              -              20            -
        Albania                 88         7            -               -               -        -       -        -              -              41            -
        Algeria                 92         9           48              29              21       13       3        9             18               9           92
        Andorra                175         -            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               -            -
        Angola                   2        19            3              83              53        -       -        -              -               7           10
        Antigua and Barbuda    127         8            -               -               -       10       4       10              0               -            -
        Argentina              117         7            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               8           90
        Armenia                108         -            -               -               -        -       -        -              -              10            -
        Australia              175         6            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               -            -
        Austria                175         6            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               -            -
        Azerbaijan              85         -            -               -               -        -       -        -              -              20            -
        Bahamas                123         -            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               -            -
        Bahrain                127         6            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               -            -
        Bangladesh              44        50           51               -               -       56      21       18             55              50           44
        Barbados               152        10            -               -               -        5       1        4              7               -            -
        Belarus                139         -            -               -               -        -       -        -              -              22           37
        Belgium                164         6            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               5            -
        Belize                  85        10           24              49               -        -       -        -              -               0           90
        Benin                   31         -            -               -               -        -       -        -              -              24           35
        Bhutan                  36         -            -               -               -       38       -        4             56              25           96
        Bolivia                 51        12           53              78              36        8       2        1             29              21           92
        Bosnia and Herzegovin  143         -            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               -            -
        Botswana                80         8           41              82              23       15       -        -             44               8           27
        Brazil                  79        11           42              30              17        6       1        2             11              14           95
        Brunei Darussalam      154         -            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               -            -
        Bulgaria               136         6            -               -               -        -       -        -              -              20            -
        Burkina Faso            23        21           12               -               -       30       8       13             29              16           23
        Burundi                 17         -           89              66              73       37      11        9             43              42           80
        Cambodia                19         -            -               -               -       40       7        8             38              15            -
        Cameroon                51        13            7              77              35       14       3        3             24              26           86
        Canada                 164         6            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               -            -
        Cape Verde              65        11            -               -               -       19       -        3             26               -            -
        Central African Rep.    21        15           23               -               -       27       8        7             34              63           65
        Chad                    27         -            -               -               -        -       -        -              -              15           31
        Chile                  149         5           77              17               -        1       -        0              3               9           95
        China                   82         9           64               -               -       16       -        -              -              20           51
        Colombia               104         9           16              61              17        8       1        1             15               7           90
        Comoros                 39         8            5              87              45       26       8        8             34               -            -
        Congo                   48        16           43              95              27       24       3        4             21               8            -
        Congo, Dem. Rep.        12        15           32              40              64       34      10       10             45               9           12
        Cook Islands           108         3            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               -            -
        Costa Rica             146         7           35              47              12        2       -        -              -               4           89
        Côte d'Ivoire           25        14           62              54               -       24       6        8             24               6            -
        Croatia                154         -           24               -               -        -       -        -              -               -          100
        Cuba                   159         8            -               -               -        -       -        1              -              10           45
        Cyprus                 159         -            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               -            -
        Czech Rep.             164         6            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               -            -
        Denmark                175         6            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               5            -
        Djibouti                24        11            -               -               -       23       9       11             22               -            -
        Dominica               133        10            -               -               -        5       0        2              6               -            -
        Dominican Rep.          74        11           25              47               7        6       1        1             11               5           40
        Ecuador                 88        13           29              52              34       17       0        2             34              10           97
        Egypt                   58        10           53              37               -       15       4        6             25               5            0
        El Salvador             88        11           20              71              28       11       1        1             23              25           91
        Equatorial Guinea       18         -            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               -           20
        Eritrea                 41        13           66              45              60       44      17       16             38               -           80
        Estonia                145         -            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               -            -
        Ethiopia                16        16           74               -              35       48      16        8             64              31            0
        Fiji                   121        12            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               -           31
        Finland                189         4            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               -            -
        France                 175         5            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               5            -
        Gabon                   28         -           57               -               -        -       -        -              -               5            -
        Gambia                  49         -            -               -              61        -       -        -              -               -            0
        Georgia                113         -            -               -               -        -       -        -              -              20            -
        Germany                175         -            -               -               -        -       -        -              -              10            -
        Ghana                   47         7           19              63              48       27       8       11             26              10           10
        Greece                 161         6            -               -               -        -       -        -              -              10            -
        Grenada                104         9            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               -            -
        Guatemala               74        15           50              56              43       27       6        3             50              20           64
        Guinea                  11        21           52               -              15       26       9       12             32              55           37
        Guinea-Bissau            6        20            -               -               -       23       -        -              -              19            -
        Guyana                  56        19            -               -               -       18       2        -              -               -            -
        Haiti                   34        15            3              83              25       28       8        8             32               4           10
        Holy See                -          -            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               -            -
        Honduras                97         9           11               -               -       18       3        2             40               9           85
        Hungary                152         9            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               -            -
        Iceland                186         -            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               -            -
        India                   46        33           51              31              67       53      21       18             52               9           70
        Indonesia               67        14           47              85              63       11       2        -              4              28           85
        Iran                    96         9           53               -               -       16       3        7             19              30           82
        Iraq                    39        15            -               -               -       12       2        3             22               7           50
        Ireland                164         4            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               -            -
        Israel                 161         7            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               -            -
        Italy                  164         5            -               -               -        -       -        -              -              20            -
        Jamaica                154        10            -               -               -       10       1        4              6               -          100
        Japan                  175         7            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               -            -
        Jordan                 117         7           32              48              13        9       -        2             16               -           75
        Kazakstan               84         -           12              61              21        8       2        3             16              20           53
        Kenya                   55        16           17              90              54       23       6        8             34               7          100
        Kiribati                61         6            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               -            -
        Korea, Dem. People's   108         -            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               -            5
        Korea, Rep. of         164         9            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               -            -
        Kuwait                 147         7            -               -               -        6       -        3             12               -            -
        Kyrgyzstan              80         -           38              50              25        -       -        -              -              20            -
        Lao People's Dem. Rep   35        18           36               -              31       40      12       11             47              25           90
        Latvia                 133         -            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               -            -
        Lebanon                 88        10            -               -               -        -       -        -              -              15           92
        Lesotho                 32        11           54              47              52       16       4        5             44              43           73
        Liberia                  5         -            -              17              25        -       -        -              -               6            -
        Libya                   70         -            -               -               -        5       -        3             15               6           90
        Liechtenstein          164         -            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               -            -
        Lithuania              139         -            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               -            -
        Luxembourg             164         -            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               -            -
        Madagascar              21        17           47              80              45       34      10        7             50              24            1
        Malawi                   8        20           11              78              68       30       9        7             48              13           58
        Malaysia               149         8            -               -               -       23       1        -              -              20            -
        Maldives                61        20            8               -               -       39       8       16             30              24            -
        Mali                     7        17           42              31              73       27      10       11             49              29            9
        Malta                  154         -            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               -            -
        Marshall Islands        54        15            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               -            -
        Mauritania              15        11           60              64              59       23       9        7             44               -            3
        Mauritius              123        13           16              29               -       16       2       15             10               0            0
        Mexico                 102         8           38              36              21       14       -        6             22               3           87
        Micronesia, Fed. Stat  116         9            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               -            -
        Moldova, Rep. of       102         4            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               -            -
        Monaco                 175         -            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               -            -
        Mongolia                67         6            -               -               -       12       -        2             26              28           42
        Morocco                 64         9           31              33              20        9       2        2             23              20            -
        Mozambique               9        20            -               -               -       27      11        5             55              20           62
        Myanmar                 25        16           30              40              56       43      16        8             45              18           14
        Namibia                 60        16           22              65              23       26       6        9             28              35           80
        Nauru                  104         -            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               -            -
        Nepal                   42         -           83              63              88       47      16       11             48              44           93
        Netherlands            175         -            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               3            -
        New Zealand            164         6            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               -            -
        Nicaragua               73        15           11              48              17       12       -        2             24               4           98
        Niger                    1        15            -              67              52       36      12       16             32               9           83
        Nigeria                 14        16            2              52              43       36      12        9             43              10           83
        Niue                    -          -            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               -            -
        Norway                 175         4            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               -            -
        Oman                   139         8           28              85              64       23       3       13             23              10           35
        Pakistan                33        25           16              31              56       38      13        -              -              32           19
        Palau                   97         8            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               -            -
        Panama                 133         9           32              38              21        7       1        1              9              13           92
        Papua New Guinea        44        23            -               -               -       35       -        -              -              30            -
        Paraguay               100         5            7              61               8        4       1        0             17              49           77
        Peru                    72        11           63              83              43        8       1        1             26              36           90
        Philippines             93        15           33              52              18       30       5        8             33              15           15
        Poland                 147         -            -               -               -        -       -        -              -              10            -
        Portugal               164         5            -               -               -        -       -        -              -              15            -
        Qatar                  132         -            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               -            -
        Romania                117        11            -               -               -        -       -        -              -              10            -
        Russian Federation     117         -            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               -           30
        Rwanda                  19        17           90              68              85       29       6        4             48              49           90
        Saint Kitts and Nevis   93         9            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               -            -
        Saint Lucia            127         8            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               -            -
        Saint Vincent/Grenadi  123         8            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               -            -
        Samoa                   77         6            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               -            -
        San Marino             149         -            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               -            -
        Sao Tome and Principe   57         7            -               -               -       17       -        5             26               -            -
        Saudi Arabia           108         7            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               -            -
        Senegal                 36        11            9              87               -       22       -        7             23              12            9
        Seychelles             136        10            -               -               -        6       0        2              5               -            -
        Sierra Leone             3        11            -              94              41       29       -        9             35               7           75
        Singapore              189         7            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               -            -
        Slovakia               154         -            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               -            -
        Slovenia               175         -            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               -            -
        Solomon Islands        113        20            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               -            -
        Somalia                 10        16            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               7            -
        South Africa            69         -            -               -               -        9       1        3             23               2           40
        Spain                  186         4            -               -               -        -       -        -              -              10            -
        Sri Lanka              136        25           24              60              66       38       7       16             24              14            7
        Sudan                   42        15           14              45              44       34      11       13             33              20            -
        Suriname               104        13            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               -            -
        Swaziland               53        10           37              51              20       10       -        1             30               -           26
        Sweden                 189         5            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               -            -
        Switzerland            186         5            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               -            -
        Syria                  100        11            -              50               -       13       4        9             21              73           36
        Tajikistan              61         -            -               -               -        -       -        -              -              20           20
        Tanzania                29        14           40               -               -       27       8        6             42              37           74
        TFYR Macedonia         108         -            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               -          100
        Thailand                93        13            4              69              34       26       4        6             22               8           50
        Togo                    38        20            -              25              99       19       4        -             34              22            1
        Tonga                  123         2            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               -            -
        Trinidad and Tobago    143        10           10              39              16        7       0        4              5               -            -
        Tunisia                 97         8           12               -              16        9       -        4             23               4           98
        Turkey                  82         8           14              17              14       10       3        -              -              36           18
        Turkmenistan            58         5           54               -               -        -       -        -              -              20            0
        Tuvalu                  74         2            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               -            -
        Uganda                  30         -           70              64              40       26       7        5             38               7           69
        Ukraine                121         -            -               -               -        -       -        -              -              10            4
        United Arab Emirates   139         6            -               -              26        -       -        -              -               -            -
        United Kingdom         164         7            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               -            -
        United States          163         7            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               -            -
        Uruguay                127         8            -               -               -        7       2        -             16               -            -
        Uzbekistan              71         -            4               -               -        -       -        -              -              18            0
        Vanuatu                 77         7            -               -               -       20       -        -             19               -            -
        Venezuela              115         9            -               -               -        6       -        2              6              11           65
        Viet Nam                85        17            -               -               -       45      11       12             47              20           59
        Yemen                   50        19            -               -              31       39      13        -             39              32           21
        Yugoslavia, Fed. Rep.  127         -            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               -           70
        Zambia                  13        13           13              88              34       28       9        6             53              51           90
        Zimbabwe                65        14           16              93              26       16       3        6             21              42           80

        Regional summaries
        Sub-Saharan Africa                16           32              61              47       30      10        8             42              18           50
        Middle East and North Afri        11           43              39               -       17       5        7             23              20           52
        South Asia                        33           46              32              65       51      19       17             52              18           61
        East Asia and Pacific             11           56              70               -       20       -        -              -              21           52
        Latin America and Caribbea        10           38              44              22       10       1        3             18              12           87
        CEE/CIS and Baltic States          -            -               -               -        -       -        -              -              20           25
        Industrialized countries           6            -               -               -        -       -        -              -               -            -
        Developing countries              18           44              45              50       30      11       11             37              18           57
        Least developed countries         23           46              56              51       39      13       10             47              29           38
        World                             17           44              45              50       30      11       11             37              18           56

        Countries in each region can be found in the Regional summaries country list.


                                                                                                         6        9             24
Definitions of the indicators

Low birthweight - Less than 2,500 grams.

Underweight - Moderate and severe - below minus two standard
deviations from median weight for age of reference
population; severe   below minus three standard deviations
from median weight for age of reference population. 

Wasting - Moderate and severe - below minus two standard
deviations from median weight for height of reference
population.

Stunting - Moderate and severe - below minus two standard
deviations from median height for age of reference
population. 

Total goitre rate - Percentage of children aged 6-11 with
palpable or visible goitre. This is an indicator of iodine
deficiency, which causes brain damage and mental retardation. 


Main data sources

Low birthweight - World Health Organization (WHO).

Breastfeeding - Demographic and Health Surveys, Multiple
Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) and World Health
Organization (WHO). 

Underweight, wasting and stunting - Demographic and Health
Surveys, Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) and World
Health Organization (WHO). 

Salt iodization - UNICEF and Multiple Indicator Cluster
Surveys (MICS).

Goitre rate - World Health Organization (WHO).


Notes

- Data not available.
x Indicates data that refer to years or periods other than
  those specified in the column heading, differ from the
  standard definition, or refer to only part of a country.

                                 * * * *

        Table 3: Health                                                         % of routine
                                        % of population     % of population     EPI vaccines
                                         with access to      with access to     financed by    % fully immunized 1995-96
                                          safe water       adequate sanitation   government
                                            1990-96               1990-96          1995-96       1-year-old children        pregnant     ORT
                                                                                                                              women   use rate %
                                  U5MR  total urban rural  total urban  rural       total       TB    DPT  polio  measles    tetanus   1990-97
                                  rank
        Afghanistan                  4    12    39     5      8     38     1           0        47     31     31       42        37        -
        Albania                     88     -     -     -      -      -     -           -        94     98    100       92         -        -
        Algeria                     92    78    91    64     91     99    80           -        94     75     75       68        34       98
        Andorra                    175     -     -     -      -      -     -           -         -      -      -        -         -        -
        Angola                       2    32    69    15     16     34     8           -        74     42     42       65        28        -
        Antigua and Barbuda        127     -     -     -     96      -     -         100         -    100    100      100         -        -
        Argentina                  117    71    77    29     68     73    37         100       100     83     90      100        63        -
        Armenia                    108     -     -     -      -      -     -           0        82     86     97       89         -        -
        Australia                  175     -     -     -      -      -     -           -         -      -      -        -         -        -
        Austria                    175     -     -     -      -      -     -           -         -     90     90       60         -        -
        Azerbaijan                  85     -     -     -      -      -     -           -        90     95     97       99         -        -
        Bahamas                    123     -     -     -      -      -     -         100         -     85     85       92        75        -
        Bahrain                    127     -   100     -      -    100     -           -         -     98     98       95        54        5
        Bangladesh                  44    97    99    96     48     79    44          74        88     66     66       59        72       96
        Barbados                   152   100   100   100    100    100   100         100         -     88     85      100       100        -
        Belarus                    139     -     -     -      -      -     -           -        93x    95     94       74         -        -
        Belgium                    164     -     -     -      -      -     -           -         -     97     94       70         -        -
        Belize                      85    89    96    82     57     23    87         100        90     85     85       81        88        -
        Benin                       31    50    41    53     20     54     6          15        90     80     80       74        75       60
        Bhutan                      36    58    75    54     70     90    66           0        98     87     86       86        70       85
        Bolivia                     51    63    86    32     58     74    37          65        90     76     76       87        52       41
        Bosnia and Herzegovi       143     -     -     -      -      -     -           -        97     88     86       88         -        -
        Botswana                    80    93   100    91     55     91    41         100        67     83     81       82        61        -
        Brazil                      79    76    88    25     70     80    30         100        90     75     73       74        45       54
        Brunei Darussalam          154     -     -     -      -      -     -           -       100x   100x   100x     100x       50        -
        Bulgaria                   136     -     -     -      -      -     -           -        98    100     94       93         -        -
        Burkina Faso                23    42    66    37     37     41    33          34        61     48     48       54        27      100
        Burundi                     17    52    92    49     51     60    50           -        77     63     63       50        33        -
        Cambodia                    19    36    65    33     14     81     8           0        90     75     76       72        36        -
        Cameroon                    51    50    57    43     50     64    36           -        54     46     46       46        12       43
        Canada                     164     -     -     -      -      -     -           -         -     93     89       98         -        -
        Cape Verde                  65    51    70    34     24     40    10         100        80     73     73       66         4        -
        Central African Rep.        21    38    55    21     27     38    16           -        94     53     53       46        15      100
        Chad                        27    24    48    17     21     73     7         100        40     19     19       28        50        -
        Chile                      149    95    98    81      -     86     -         100        96     92     92       96         -        -
        China                       82    67    97    56     24     74     7         100        97     95     96       97        13       85
        Colombia                   104    85    97    56     85     97    56          99        98     92     93       95        57       53
        Comoros                     39    53    76    45     23     40    16           -        89     60     57       48        34       32
        Congo                       48    34    53     7     69      -     -           0        50     47     47       42        55       41
        Congo, Dem. Rep.            12    42    89    26     18     53     6           -        51     36     36       41        20       90
        Cook Islands               108   100   100   100    100    100   100          50        90     75     75       72        64        -
        Costa Rica                 146    96   100    92     84     95    70         100        91     84     84       86        90       31
        Côte d'Ivoire               25    42    56    32     39     71    17         100        68     55     55       65        22       73
        Croatia                    154     -     -     -      -      -     -           -        90     91     91       91        91        5
        Cuba                       159    93    96    85     66     71    51           -        99    100     93x      94        61        -
        Cyprus                     159     -   100     -      -     96     -           -         -     98     98       90        57        -
        Czech Rep.                 164     -     -     -      -      -     -           -        96     97     98       97         -        -
        Denmark                    175     -     -     -      -      -     -           -         -     89x   100x      88x        -        -
        Djibouti                    24    90    77   100     55     64    24           -        58     49     49       47        39        -
        Dominica                   133    96    97   95      80     80    85         100       100    100    100      100         -        -
        Dominican Rep.              74    65    80    -      78     76    83         100        98     58     48       78        96       39
        Ecuador                     88    68    80   49      76     95    49         100       100     88     89       79        25       64
        Egypt                       58    87    97   79      88     98    79         100        91     77     77       85        55       95
        El Salvador                 88    69    85   46      81     91    65         100       100    100    100       97        69       69
        Equatorial Guinea           18    95    88  100      54     61    48           -        99     64     64       61        63        -
        Eritrea                     41    22    60    8      13     48     -           0        52     46     46       38        23       38
        Estonia                    145     -     -    -       -      -     -           -        99     90     93       86         -        -
        Ethiopia                    16    25    91   19      19     97     7           0        87     67     67       54        36       95
        Fiji                       121   100   100  100      92    100    85          50       100     97     99       94       100        -
        Finland                    189     -     -    -       -      -     -           -       100    100    100       98         -        -
        France                     175     -     -    -       -      -     -           -        83     96     97       82         -        -
        Gabon                       28    68    90   50       -      -     -           -        54     41     41       38         4       25
        Gambia                      49    48    67    -      37     83    23         100        99     97     97       89        92        -
        Georgia                    113     -     -    -       -      -     -           -        30     58     82       63         -       14
        Germany                    175     -     -    -       -      -     -           -         -     45     80       75         -        -
        Ghana                       47    65    88   52      55     62    44          50        65     51     52       53         9       93
        Greece                     161     -     -    -       -      -     -           -        70     78     95       90         -        -
        Grenada                    104     -     -    -       -      -     -         100         -     80     80       85        80        -
        Guatemala                   74    77    76   78      83     95    74         100        76     73     73       69        81       22
        Guinea                      11    46    69   36      31     54    19           -        59     48     48       49        43       31
        Guinea-Bissau                6    59    32   67      30     24    32           0        72     56     58       53        43        -
        Guyana                      56    61    90   45      81     82    80         100        88     83     83       91        56        -
        Haiti                       34    37    50   28      25     49    17           0        68     34     34       31        49       31
        Holy See                     -     -     -    -       -      -     -           -         -      -      -        -         -        -
        Honduras                    97    87    96   79      87     97    78         100       100     93     94       91        99       32
        Hungary                    152     -     -    -       -      -     -           -       100    100    100      100         -        -
        Iceland                    186     -     -    -       -      -     -           -         -     98x    99x      98x        -        -
        India                       46    81    85   79      29     70    14         100        96     89     90       81        78       67
        Indonesia                   67    62    78   54      51     73    40         100        99     91     90       92        75       97
        Iran                        96    90    98   82      81     86    74         100        90     96     97       95        50       37
        Iraq                        39    78    92   44      70     85    37           0        99     94     95       97        65        -
        Ireland                    164     -     -    -       -      -     -           -         -      -      -        -         -        -
        Israel                     161     -     -    -       -      -     -           -         -     92     93       94         -        -
        Italy                      164     -     -    -       -      -     -           -         -     50     98       50         -        -
        Jamaica                    154    86     -    -      89    100    80         100        98     92     92       99        82        -
        Japan                      175    97   100   85       -     85x    -           -        91     85     91       68         -        -
        Jordan                     117    98     -    -      77      -     -           -         -     99     99       98        41       41
        Kazakstan                   84    93    99   84      99    100    98          20        93     94     98       97         -       31
        Kenya                       55    53    67   49      77     69    81           0        56     46     43       38        21       76
        Kiribati                    61   100   100  100     100    100   100          75       100     79     82       64        41        -
        Korea, Dem. People's       108    81     -    -       -      -     -           -        60     96     58       60        95        -
        Korea, Rep. of             164    93   100   76     100    100   100           -        93x    93x    93x      92x        -        -
        Kuwait                     147     -     -    -       -    100x    -           -         -    100    100       99        21        -
        Kyrgyzstan                  80    71     -    -      94      -     -           -        90     82     81       80         -       98
        Lao People's Dem. Re        35    44     -    -      18      -     -           0        62     28     33       62        45        -
        Latvia                     133     -     -    -       -      -     -           -       100     64     77       82        64        -
        Lebanon                     88    94    96   88      63     81     8           -         -     94     94       85         -       82
        Lesotho                     32    62    91   57      38     56    35           -        55     58     58       82        10       84
        Liberia                      5    46    79   13      30     56     4           0        84     45     45       44        35       94
        Libya                       70    97    97   97      98     99    94           -        99     96     96       92        45       49
        Liechtenstein              164     -     -    -       -      -     -           -         -      -      -        -         -        -
        Lithuania                  139     -     -    -       -      -     -           -        98     91     93       96         -        -
        Luxembourg                 164     -     -    -       -      -     -           -         -     95x    90x      80x        -        -
        Madagascar                  21    34    68   21      41     77    29          10        87     73     73       68        33       85
        Malawi                       8    37    80   32       6     22     4           -        95     90     82       89        56       78
        Malaysia                   149    78    96   66      94      -     -           -        97x    90x    90x      81x       79        -
        Maldives                    61    96   100   81      66    100    54           -        98     95     95       94        93        -
        Mali                         7    66    87   55       6     12     3          65        70     29     30       35        32       29
        Malta                      154     -     -    -       -      -     -           -        96     84     92       51         -        -
        Marshall Islands            54    74   100   45      74    100    45         100        88     74     75       69        15        -
        Mauritania                  15    74    88   59      32     44    19           0        93     50     50       53        28       51
        Mauritius                  123    98    95  100     100    100   100         100        87     90     90       61        79        -
        Mexico                     102    83    92   57      72     85    32         100        97     83     84       75        69       81
        Micronesia, Fed. Sta       116   100   100  100     100    100   100         100        50     83     81       90        44        -
        Moldova, Rep. of           102    55    98   18      50x    90x    8x          -        98     97     99       98         -        -
        Monaco                     175     -     -    -       -      -     -           -         -      -      -        -         -        -
        Mongolia                    67    40    73    3      86     99    74           -        92     90     90       88         -        -
        Morocco                     64    65    98   34      58     94    24         100        96     95     95       93       100       29
        Mozambique                   9    63     -    -      54      -     -           0        83     60     60       67        61       83
        Myanmar                     25    60    78   50      43     56    36           0        92     88     87       86        79       96
        Namibia                     60    57    87   42      34     77    12           -        79     70     71       61        75       66
        Nauru                      104     -     -    -       -      -     -           -         -      -      -        -         -        -
        Nepal                       42    63    88   60      18     58    12          40        73     51     48       45        11       29
        Netherlands                175     -     -    -       -      -     -           -         -     97     97       94         -        -
        New Zealand                164    97   100   82       -      -     -           -        20     84     84       87         -        -
        Nicaragua                   73    61    81   27      31     34    27          99        93     78     86       78        96       54
        Niger                        1    48    76   44      17     79     5           0        63     33     33       59        31       85
        Nigeria                     14    50    80   39      57     82    48         100        49     28     32       45        36       86
        Niue                         -   100   100  100     100    100   100          25       100    100    100      100         -        -
        Norway                     175     -     -    -       -      -     -           -         -     92     92       93         -        -
        Oman                       139    82     -    -      78      -     -         100        96    100    100       98        98       85
        Pakistan                    33    74    82   69      47     77    22         100        93     77     77       78        54       97
        Palau                       97    88     -    -      98      -     -           -       100    100    100      100        55        -
        Panama                     133    93     -    -      83      -     -         100       100     93     93       92        24       94
        Papua New Guinea            44    28    84   17      22     82    11           -        78     55     57       44        50        -
        Paraguay                   100    60     -    -      41     65    14         100        89     80     81       81        69       33
        Peru                        72    67    84   33      72     89    37         100        93     72     66       71        51       55
        Philippines                 93    84    93   80      75     89    63          88        82     70     67       72        47       87
        Poland                     147     -     -    -       -      -     -           -        94     95     95       91         -        -
        Portugal                   164     -     -    -       -      -     -           -        91     95     95       99         -        -
        Qatar                      132     -   100    -       -    100     -           -        98     92     92       86         -       71
        Romania                    117     -     -    -       -      -     -         100       100     98     97       94         -        -
        Russian Federation         117     -     -    -       -      -     -           -        97     87     97       95         -        -
        Rwanda                      19     -     -   79       -      -    85           -        93     98     98       76        43       47
        Saint Kitts and Nevi        93   100   100  100     100     98   100         100         -    100     98      100         -        -
        Saint Lucia                127     -     -    -       -      -     -         100        89     88     88       95         -        -
        Saint Vincent/Grenad       123    89   100   85      98    100   100         100       100    100    100      100         -        -
        Samoa                       77    82   100   77      94    100    92          30        98     95     95       96        96        -
        San Marino                 149     -     -    -       -      -     -           -         -      -      -        -         -        -
        Sao Tome and Princip        57    82     -    -      35      -     -           -        85     66     61       57        49       74
        Saudi Arabia               108    95   100   74      86x   100x   30x          -        91     93     93       92        60       58
        Senegal                     36    63    90   44      39     71    15         100        80     62     62       60        34       84
        Seychelles                 136     -     -    -       -      -     -           -       100    100    100       98       100        -
        Sierra Leone                 3    34    58   21      11     17     8           3        77     65     65       79        65        -
        Singapore                  189   100   100    -       -      -     -           -        97     95     93       88         -        -
        Slovakia                   154     -     -    -       -      -     -           -        98     98     98       99         -        -
        Slovenia                   175     -     -    -       -      -     -           -        99x    98x    98x      91x        -        -
        Solomon Islands            113    61    82   58      11     73     2          60        71     72     72       67        63        -
        Somalia                     10    31    46   28      43     69    35           0        43     21     21       33        28       97
        South Africa                69    99    99   53      53     85    12         100        95     73     72       76        26        -
        Spain                      186     -     -    -       -      -     -           -         -     88     90       90x        -        -
        Sri Lanka                  136    57    88   52      63     68    62         100        88     90     91       86        81       34
        Sudan                       42    50    66   45      22     79     4           0        96     79     80       75        44       35
        Suriname                   104     -     -    -       -      -    43         100         -     80     79       78        99        -
        Swaziland                   53    60    89   46      70     92    59           -        68     70     71       59        65       99
        Sweden                     189     -     -    -       -      -     -           -         -     99     99       96         -        -
        Switzerland                186     -     -    -       -      -     -           -         -      -      -        -         -        -
        Syria                      100    86    95   77      67     96    31         100       100     96     96       95        78       27
        Tajikistan                  61    60    82   49       -     46     -           -        96     93     96       80         -        -
        Tanzania                    29    38    73   29      86     96    84           0        96     85     80       81        92       91
        TFYR Macedonia             108     -     -    -       -      -     -          14        98     93     94       90        91        -
        Thailand                    93    89    94   88      96     98    95           -        98     94     94       85        88       95
        Togo                        38    55    82   41      41     76    22           0        63     82     82       39        43       94
        Tonga                      123   100   100  100     100    100   100          50        99     95     93       94        88        -
        Trinidad and Tobago        143    97    99   91      79     99    98         100         -     89     90       88        19        -
        Tunisia                     97    98   100   95      80     96    52         100        86     91     91       86        80       41
        Turkey                      82    49    63   28      62     83    31         100        69     84     83       84        32      100
        Turkmenistan                58    74     -    -      91      -     -           9        88     80     83       66         -       98
        Tuvalu                      74    97   100   95      87     90    85          70        88     87     85       94        53        -
        Uganda                      30    46    77   41      57     75    55          35        96     68     67       66        55       49
        Ukraine                    121     -     -    -       -      -     -           -        92x    94x    95x      96x        -        -
        United Arab Emirates       139    95     -    -      77     93    22           -        98     90     90       90         -        -
        United Kingdom             164     -     -    -       -      -     -           -         -     94     96       92         -        -
        United States              163     -     -    -       -      -     -           -         -     94     84       89         -        -
        Uruguay                    127     -    95    -       -     98     -         100        98     89     89       85        13        -
        Uzbekistan                  71    62    82   49      22     46x    -          16        95     89     99       81         -        -
        Vanuatu                     77    87     -    -      91x     -     -         100        72     67     68       61        15        -
        Venezuela                  115    79    80   75      59     64    30         100        90     57     73       64        60        -
        Viet Nam                    85    43    47   42      21     43    15          29        95     94     94       96        82        -
        Yemen                       50    61    88   55      24     47    17           0        59     59     59       51        55       92
        Yugoslavia, Fed. Rep       127     -     -    -       -      -     -           0        97     91     94       81x        -        -
        Zambia                      13    27    50   17      64     89    43          10       100     83     81       93        48       99
        Zimbabwe                    65    79    99   69      52     96    32          90        74     80     80       77        65       60


        Regional summaries
        Sub-Saharan Africa                49    79    36     44     73    33          48        70     52     53       56        38       81
        Middle East and North Afr         81    95    67     72     91    52          71        91     86     87       86        57       59
        South Asia                        80    85    78     33     71    19          93        93     83     83       77        71       73
        East Asia and Pacific             67    93    57     35     76    18          89        95     92     92       92        35       87
        Latin America and Caribbe         77    88    46     71     81    41          97        93     79     79       78        58       58
        CEE/CIS and Baltic States          -     -     -      -      -     -           -        89     89     93       89         -        -
        Industrialized countries           -     -     -      -      -     -           -         -     86     89       83         -        -
        Developing countries              70    88    61     42     78    23          82        88     79     80       78        51       76
        Least developed countries         54    78    48     35     66    28          21        78     60     60       59        48       80
        World                             71    89    61     42     78    23          82        89     80     81       79        51       76

        Countries in each region can be found in the Regional summaries country list.

Definitions of the indicators

Government funding of vaccines - Percentage of vaccines
routinely administered in a country to protect children
against TB, DPT, measles and polio that are financed by the
national government.

EPI - Extended Programme on Immunization: the immunizations
in this programme include those against TB, DPT, polio and
measles, as well as protecting babies against neonatal
tetanus by vaccination of pregnant women. Other vaccines
(e.g. against hepatitis B or yellow fever) may be included in
the programme in some countries.

DPT - Diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough) and tetanus

ORT use - Percentage of all cases of diarrhoea in children
under five years of age treated with oral rehydration salts
and/or recommended home fluids. 


Main data sources

Access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation
facilities - UNICEF, World Health Organization (WHO) and
Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS). 

Government funding of vaccines   UNICEF
 
Immunization - World Health Organization (WHO), UNICEF,
Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) and Demographic and
Health Surveys (DHS).

ORT use - Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS),
Demographic and Health Surveys and World Health Organization
(WHO). 


Notes

- Data not available.
x Indicates data that refer to years or periods other than
  those specified in the column heading, differ from the
  standard definition, or refer to only part of a country.

                                     * * * *
  Table 4:  Education
                                                               No. of sets                                                 % of primary
                                     Adult literacy rate        per 1000          Primary school enrolment ratio               school     Secondary school
                                                               population                                                     children    enrolment ratio
                                      1980        1995            1994         1960 (gross) 1990-95 (gross) 1993-97 (net)     reaching        1990-95
                             U5MR                                                                                             grade 5         (gross)
                             rank  male female  male female  radio television  male female    male  female   male  female     1990-95      male   female

  Afghanistan                   4    33     6     47    15     118      10       14     2       63      32     36y     11y        43x       32      11
  Albania                      88     -     -      -     -     190      91      102    86       98      99     95      97         82        36      37
  Algeria                      92    55    24     74    49     236      79       55    37      111      98     99      91         95        66      58
  Andorra                     175     -     -      -     -     211     367        -     -        -       -      -       -          -         -       -
  Angola                        2    16x    7x    56x   29      30       7       30    14       95      87      -       -         34         -       -
  Antigua and Barbuda         127     -     -      -     -     427     370        -     -        -       -      -       -          -         -       -
  Argentina                   117    94    94     96    96     673     219       99    99      108     107      -       -          -        70      75
  Armenia                     108     -     -    100    99       -     225        -     -       87      93      -       -          -        80      90
  Australia                   175     -     -      -     -    1291     489      103   103      107     106     98      98         99        83      86
  Austria                     175     -     -      -     -     619     480      106   104      103     103    100     100         96       109     104
  Azerbaijan                   85     -     -    100    99       -       -        -     -      120     115      -       -          -        87      85
  Bahamas                     123    98    96     99    98     735     226      125   112      100     103     92x     96x        78        95      95
  Bahrain                     127    80    60     89    79     556     430      103    50      110     113     99     100         94        97     100
  Bangladesh                   44    41    17     49    26      47       6       80    31       84      73     82y     82y        47x       25      13
  Barbados                    152    97    94     98    97     877     279      116   101       90      91     78x     78x         -        90x     80x
  Belarus                     139     -     -    100    99     285     226        -     -       98      95     97      94         98        92      97
  Belgium                     164    99x   99x     -     -     774     453      111   108       99     100     98      98          -       103     104
  Belize                       85     -     -     70    70     581     167        -     -      113     109    100      98         70        46      52
  Benin                        31    28    10     49    26      91       6       40    15       88      44     74      43         61        17       7
  Bhutan                       36    41    15     56    28      17       -        5     0       31x     19x     -       -         82         7x      2x
  Bolivia                      51    81    59     91    76     670     113       70    43       99      90     90y     89y        60        40      34
  Bosnia and Herzegovina      143     -     -      -     -     227       -        -     -        -       -      -       -          -         -       -
  Botswana                     80    70    43     81    60     125      17       37    43      114     115     94      99         89        54      58
  Brazil                       79    76    73     83    83     393     209       58    56        -       -     93y     94y        70         -       -
  Brunei Darussalam           154    86    68     93    83     271     241      117   101      113     106     91      91         95        67      73
  Bulgaria                    136     -     -     99    98     454     363       94    92       88      84     98      96         95        68      72
  Burkina Faso                 23    19     4     30     9      28       6       12     5       48      31     37      24         79        12       6
  Burundi                      17    37    12     49    23      64       2       31    10       76      62     56x     48x        74         8       5
  Cambodia                     19    74x   23x    80x   53     108       8       85    48      130     106      -       -         50        31      18
  Cameroon                     51    59    30     75    52     148      24       81    40       93      84     69y     60y        66        32      22
  Canada                      164     -     -      -     -    1051     685      108   105      104     102     96      94         97       106     106
  Cape Verde                   65    64    38     81    64     176       3       40    28      132     130    100     100          -        28      26
  Central African Rep.         21    41    19     69    52      73       5       52    11       88x     55x    70y     55y        24        17x      6x
  Chad                         27    47    19     62    35     246       1       30     4       75      36      -       -         28        13       3
  Chile                       149    92    91     95    95     345     211       87    86      100      98     87      85         92        66      70
  China                        82    79    53     90    73     184     189      131    78      120     116     99      98         92        60      51
  Colombia                    104    87    87     91    91     178     118       71    72      118     120     90y     91y        58        57      68
  Comoros                      39    56    40     64    50     129       0       22     4       81      69     58      48         45        21      17
  Congo                        48    65    40     83    67     115       7        -     -        -       -      -       -         54         -       -
  Congo, Dem. Rep.             12    75    45     87    68      98       2       93    34       78      58     71      50         64        33      15
  Cook Islands                108     -     -      -    99     700     179        -     -        -       -      -       -          -         -       -
  Costa Rica                  146    92    91     95    95     260     142       99    96      107     105     86x     87x        89        47      51
  Côte d'Ivoire                25    34    14     50    30     143      60       64    23       78      59     59y     46y        73        33      17
  Croatia                     154     -     -     98    97     261     253        -     -       87      86     83      82         98        75      81
  Cuba                        159    91    87     96    95     347     171      109   108      104     103     99      99         94        70      79
  Cyprus                      159     -     -     98x   91     300     320        -     -      100     100     96      96        100        96      98
  Czech Rep.                  164     -     -      -     -     631     478        -     -      100     100     98      98         99        90      94
  Denmark                     175     -     -      -     -    1036     539      103   103       99      99     98      99         99       113     117
  Djibouti                     24    45    18     60    33      81      44       32    12       43      33     37      28         82        15      10
  Dominica                    133     -     -      -     -     600      75        -     -        -       -      -       -         84         -       -
  Dominican Rep.               74    75    74     82    82     173      90       75    74      103     104     79      83         58        34      47
  Ecuador                      88    86    79     92    88     327      88       82    75      124     122     91      92         77        54      56
  Egypt                        58    54    26     64    39     307     109       79    52      105      91     83y     72y        98        82      71
  El Salvador                  88    66    60     74    70     443     443       59    56       79      80     78      80         58        27      30
  Equatorial Guinea            18    77    45     90    68     424      10       92    54        -       -      -       -          -         -       -
  Eritrea                      41     -     -      -     -      87       0        -     -       54      43     33      30         79        19      13
  Estonia                     145     -     -     98    98     467     367        -     -      103     100     93      94         97        92      90
  Ethiopia                     16    32    14     46    25     197       4        9     3       33      21     28      19         51        11      10
  Fiji                        121    87    79     94    89     607      17      110    96      128     127     99x    100x        87        64      65
  Finland                     189     -     -      -     -    1003     511      100    95      100     100     99      99        100       110     130
  France                      175    99x   98x     -     -     891     591      144   143      107     105     99      99         96       104     107
  Gabon                        28    54    28     74    53     147      38        -     -        -       -     87y     86y        50x        -       -
  Gambia                       49    37    13     53    25     163       3       21    10       79      56     51y     43y        87        25      13
  Georgia                     113     -     -    100    99     550     459        -     -       82      81     81      82         98        82      76
  Germany                     175     -     -      -     -     935     560        -     -       97      98    100     100         99       101     100
  Ghana                        47    59    31     76    54     229      89       58    31       83      70     70y     69y        80        45      29
  Greece                      161    93x   76x    98    95     418     206      104   101       95      95     98x     98x       100        99      96
  Grenada                     104     -     -      -     -     595     337        -     -        -       -      -       -          -         -       -
  Guatemala                    74    56    41     63    49      68      53       48    39       89      78     61y     55y         -        25      23
  Guinea                       11    34    11     50    22      43       8       30    11       61      30     39y     26y        54        18       6
  Guinea-Bissau                 6    53    26     68    43      40       -       35    15       77x     42x    60x     33x        20x        9x      4x
  Guyana                       56    96    93     99    98     491      39      110    99      113x    111x    90      89         93        56x     59x
  Haiti                        34    36    29     48    42      50       5       39    31       58      54     68y     69y        47        22      21
  Holy See                      -     -     -      -     -       -       -        -     -        -       -      -       -          -         -       -
  Honduras                     97    64    61     73    73     408      78       68    67      111     112     89      91          -        29      37
  Hungary                     152    98x   98x    99    99     625     429      103   100       97      97     92      94         98        79      83
  Iceland                     186     -     -      -     -     793     350        -     -      100      96      -       -          -       105     105
  India                        46    55    25     66    38      81      40       83    44      113      91     75y     61y        62        59      38
  Indonesia                    67    78    58     90    78     148      62       78    58      117     113     99      95         90        49      41
  Iran                         96    61    37     78    59     237      62       57    27      104      97     99y     93y        90        76      62
  Iraq                         39    55    25     71    45     218      75       94    36       98      83     83x     74x        72x       53      34
  Ireland                     164     -     -      -     -     636     302      107   112      104     104    100     100        100       110     115
  Israel                      161    93x   83x    97x   93     478     275       99    97       95      95      -       -        100        83      89
  Italy                       164    95x   92x    99    98     802     437      112   109       98      99      -       -         97        81      82
  Jamaica                     154    73    81     81    89     436     142       78    79      109     108    100x    100x        96        62      70
  Japan                       175   100x   99x     -     -     912     681      103   102      102     102    100     100        100        98      99
  Jordan                      117    82    54     93    79     243      76        -     -       94      95     89x     89x        98        52      54
  Kazakstan                    84     -     -    100    99     376     250        -     -       86      86      -       -          -        89      92
  Kenya                        55    72    44     86    70      88      11       62    29       92      91     85y     83y        68        28      23
  Kiribati                     61     -     -      -    92     209       -        -     -        -       -      -       -         90         -       -
  Korea, Dem. People's Re     108     -     -      -     -     126      43        -     -      108x    101x     -       -          -         -       -
  Korea, Rep. of              164    97    90     99    97    1017     323      108    94       95      96     98      99        100       100      99
  Kuwait                      147    73    59     82    75     445     380      132    99       69      69     65      65        100        65      64
  Kyrgyzstan                   80     -     -     99    95       -       -        -     -      110     111     86y     87y        92        84      89
  Lao People's Dem. Rep.       35    56    28     69    44     127       8       43    20      123      92     70y     67y        53        31      19
  Latvia                      133     -     -    100   100     662     465        -     -       85      81     86      82         96        84      89
  Lebanon                      88    91    82     95    90     889     360      111   105      114     110      -       -          -        75      83
  Lesotho                      32    71    45     81    62      33      10       73   109       93     104     60      71         79        23      34
  Liberia                       5    38    11     54    22     228      19       40    14        -       -     59y     53y         -         -       -
  Libya                        70    73    31     88    63     226     100       70    18      110     110     98x     96x         -        95      95
  Liechtenstein               164     -     -    100x  100     661     337        -     -        -       -      -       -          -         -       -
  Lithuania                   139     -     -    100    99     387     386        -     -       97      95      -       -         98        80      84
  Luxembourg                  164     -     -      -     -     636     374        -     -       88      94      -       -          -        78      78
  Madagascar                   21    56x   43x    60    32     192      20       74    57       75      72     62y     61y        28        14      14
  Malawi                        8    64    28     72    42     226       -       50    26      126     114    100     100         94         6       4
  Malaysia                    149    80    60     89    78     432     157      108    79       93      94     91      92         94        58      64
  Maldives                     61    91    89     93    93     118      25        2     3      136     133      -       -         93        49      49
  Mali                          7    20     9     39    23      44       1       15     6       39      25     30      19         86        11       6
  Malta                       154     -     -     91    92     530     747        -     -      110     107    100      99         97        93      83
  Marshall Islands             54     -     -      -    90       -       -        -     -        -       -      -       -          -         -       -
  Mauritania                   15    41    19     50    26     147      25       12     3       81      66     64      55         63        19      11
  Mauritius                   123    82    67     87    79     367     222       97    90      107     106     96      96         99        58      60
  Mexico                      102    86    80     92    87     256     163       82    77      114     110      -       -         85        57      58
  Micronesia, Fed. States     116     -     -      -    79       -       -        -     -        -       -      -       -          -         -       -
  Moldova, Rep. of            102     -     -     98    99     679     271        -     -       95      94      -       -         93        71      74
  Monaco                      175     -     -      -     -    1016     741        -     -        -       -      -       -        100         -       -
  Mongolia                     67    82    63     89    77     136      42       74    75       82      87     78      81          -        50      70
  Morocco                      64    42    16     57    31     219      79       60    24       92      68     81      62         78        43      32
  Mozambique                    9    44    12     58    23      37       4       57    34       75      54     45      35         47        10       6
  Myanmar                      25    86    68     89    78      82       5       60    53      112     108     85y     85y         -        23      23
  Namibia                      60     -     -     78x   74     139      23       43    48      136     138      -       -         76        57      69
  Nauru                       104     -     -      -     -     577       -        -     -        -       -      -       -          -         -       -
  Nepal                        42    31     7     41    14      35       5       20     3      129      88     80y     60y        52        46      23
  Netherlands                 175     -     -      -     -     909     494      105   104       96      98     99      99          -       129     118
  New Zealand                 164     -     -      -     -     991     510      110   106      103     101    100     100         94       111     114
  Nicaragua                    73    61    61     65    67     262      67       57    58      102     105     82      85         47        40      47
  Niger                         1    14     3     21     7      61       5        8     3       35      21     34y     19y        77         9       5
  Nigeria                      14    47    23     67    47     196      38       54    31      100      79     60y     58y        80        33      28
  Niue                          -     -     -      -    99     563       -        -     -        -       -      -       -          -         -       -
  Norway                      175     -     -      -     -     799     428      100   100       99      99     99      99        100       118     114
  Oman                        139     -     -     71x   46     583     662        -     -       85      80     72      70         96        67      61
  Pakistan                     33    38    15     50    24      88      19       39    11       94      42     71y     62y        48        33      17
  Palau                        97     -     -      -    97       -       -        -     -        -       -      -       -          -         -       -
  Panama                      133    86    85     91    90     227     170       90    86      108     104     91x     92x        82        60      65
  Papua New Guinea             44    70    45     81    63      76       3       24    15       88      75      -       -         59        17      11
  Paraguay                    100    90    84     94    91     172      83      106    94      111     108     89      89         71        38      40
  Peru                         72    89    71     95    83     255      99       98    74        -       -     91      90          -         -       -
  Philippines                  93    91    89     95    94     144      48       98    93      110     111     89y     91y        70         -       -
  Poland                      147    99x   97x    99x   98     441     308      110   107      100      98     97      96        100        95      96
  Portugal                    164    78x   65x    92    87     233     321      132   129      122     118    100     100          -        63      74
  Qatar                       132    72    65     79    80     428     398      111    63       89      84     81      80         95        82      82
  Romania                     117    98x   93x    99    97     204     201      101    95       94      93     92      92         99        77      78
  Russian Federation          117     -     -    100    99     339     377        -     -      109     108    100     100          -        84      91
  Rwanda                       19    55    30     70    52      67       -       65    29       78      76     76x     76x        60        11       9
  Saint Kitts and Nevis        93     -     -      -     -     666     213        -     -        -       -      -       -          -         -       -
  Saint Lucia                 127     -     -      -     -     764     189        -     -        -       -      -       -         96         -       -
  Saint Vincent/Grenadine     123     -     -      -     -     667     147        -     -        -       -      -       -          -         -       -
  Samoa                        77     -     -      -    98     462      39        -     -        -       -    100      99          -         -       -
  San Marino                  149     -     -      -     -     592     352        -     -        -       -      -       -        100         -       -
  Sao Tome and Principe        57     -     -     73x   42     270     162        -     -        -       -      -       -          -         -       -
  Saudi Arabia                108    60    32     72    50     294     255       32     3       79      75     63      61         94        57      47
  Senegal                      36    31    12     43    23     117      37       36    18       68      51     60      48         81        21      11
  Seychelles                  136     -     -     83x   86     490      88        -     -        -       -      -       -         97         -       -
  Sierra Leone                  3    30     9     45    18     233      11       30    15       60      42      -       -          -        22      12
  Singapore                   189    92    74     96    86     645     390      122   101      109x    107x     -       -        100x       69x     71x
  Slovakia                    154     -     -      -     -     568     474        -     -      101     101      -       -         97        88      93
  Slovenia                    175     -     -    100x   99     378     320        -     -      100     100    100      99         98        89      91
  Solomon Islands             113     -     -      -    56     122       6        -     -      104      90      -       -         81        21      14
  Somalia                      10     8x    1x    36x   14      41      13        4     1        -       -      -       -          -         -       -
  South Africa                 69    77    75     82    82     314     101        -     -      119     115     95      96         65        76      88
  Spain                       186    94x   86x    98    96     312     402      106   116      104     105    100     100         98       107     120
  Sri Lanka                   136    91    80     93    87     201      50      125   112      106     104      -       -         98        71      79
  Sudan                        42    43    17     58    35     258      80       29    11       61      48     59y     52y        94        24      19
  Suriname                    104    92    84     95    91     680     141      113   106      129x    125x     -       -          -        50x     58x
  Swaziland                    53    64    57     78    76     163      20       58    58      125     119     95      96         78        53      51
  Sweden                      189     -     -      -     -     879     475       95    96      100     100    100     100         98        99     100
  Switzerland                 186     -     -      -     -     841     416      118   118      100     102    100     100        100        93      89
  Syria                       100    72    34     86    56     257      62       89    39      108      97     95      87         91        50      41
  Tajikistan                   61     -     -    100   100       -       -        -     -       91      88      -       -          -        83      75
  Tanzania                     29    66    34     79    57      26       2       33    16       71      69     47      48         83         6       5
  TFYR Macedonia              108     -     -      -     -     182     166        -     -       88      87     86      84         99        55      56
  Thailand                     93    92    84     96    92     190     117       92    84       98      97      -       -         88        38      37
  Togo                         38    49    18     67    37     212       8       64    25      122      81     98      72         71        34      12
  Tonga                       123     -     -      -    99     561      16        -     -        -       -      -       -         92         -       -
  Trinidad and Tobago         143    97    93     99    97     491     317      111   108       94      94     83      94         95        74      78
  Tunisia                      97    61    32     79    55     199      81       88    43      123     113     98      95         92        58      53
  Turkey                       82    81    50     92    72     162     181       90    58      101      94     98      94         95        76      50
  Turkmenistan                 58     -     -     99x   97       -     180        -     -        -       -     81y     80y         -         -       -
  Tuvalu                       74     -     -      -     -     310       -        -     -        -       -      -       -         96         -       -
  Uganda                       30    62    32     74    50     107      11       39    18       74      59     65y     63y        55        14       8
  Ukraine                     121     -     -     98    99     812     340        -     -       87      87      -       -         54        88      95
  United Arab Emirates        139    72    64     79    80     312     107        -     -      112     108     84      82         98        88      97
  United Kingdom              164     -     -      -     -    1429     439       92    92      114     114    100     100          -        93      95
  United States               163    99x   99x     -     -    2122     817        -     -      107     106     96      97         99        98      97
  Uruguay                     127    94    95     97    98     606     232      117   117      110     109     95      95         96        74      88
  Uzbekistan                   71     -     -    100   100      81     190        -     -       78      76     83y     83y         -        99      87
  Vanuatu                      77     -     -      -    60     294      13        -     -      105     107     76x     72x        61        23      18
  Venezuela                   115    86    82     92    90     443     164       73    74       93      96     87x     90x        78        29      41
  Viet Nam                     85    90    78     97    91     104      43      103    74        -       -      -       -          -         -       -
  Yemen                        50    14x    3x    53x   26      32      28        -     -      118      47     73y     39y         -        37       9
  Yugoslavia, Fed. Rep.       127     -     -     99    97     207     179        -     -       68      71     69x     70x       100        61      63
  Zambia                       13    65    43     86    71      83      27       54    36       85      79     76      75          -        31      19
  Zimbabwe                     65    83    68     90    80      86      27       82    65      119     111     91y     90y        90        49      39


  Regional summaries
  Sub-Saharan Africa                 51    30     66     47    147      26       47    24       81      67     61      55         67        27      22
  Middle East and North Afric        55    27     70     47    255      99       65    34       99      85     85      76         91        62      51
  South Asia                         52    24     63     36     80      34       77    39      107      82     75      63         59        52      33
  East Asia and Pacific              80    58     91     76    196     156      119    76      117     113     98      96         90        57      49
  Latin America and Caribbean        82    77     88     85    349     170       74    70      107     105     89      90         74        52      56
  CEE/CIS and Baltic States          92    81     98     96    379     308      100    86       98      96     95      94         89        84      82
  Industrialized countries           98    96     98     96   1287     623      109   109      105     104     98      98         99        98      99
  Developing countries               68    46     79     62    178     105       92    58      105      92     83      76         75        52      41
  Least developed countries          47    24     60     38     96      10       48    23       78      62     64      55         58        22      13
  World                              74    56     81     66    359     197       95    64      105      93     85      79         77        58      50

  Countries in each region can be found in the Regional summaries country list.

  Note: y = Indicates net primary school data derived from household surveys.


Definitions of the indicators

Adult literacy rate - Percentage of persons aged 15 and over
who can read and write. 

Gross primary or secondary school enrolment ratio - The number
of children enrolled in a level (primary or secondary), regardless
of age, divided by the population of the age group which officially
corresponds to the same level.

Net primary school enrolment ratio - The number of children enrolled
in primary school, who belong to the age group that officially
corresponds to primary schooling, divided by the total population of
the same age group. Data from household surveys on children attending
school have been used to fill blanks and to replace UNESCO reported
data that are three years or more older than the survey data. Such
data are identified by a 'y'.

Children reaching grade 5 of primary school - Percentage of the
children entering the first grade of primary school who eventually
reach grade 5.

Main data sources

Adult literacy - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO). 

Radio and television - United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization (UNESCO).

Net primary school enrolment - United Nations Educational, Scientific
and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys
(MICS) and Demographic and Health Surveys.

Gross school enrolment and reaching grade 5 - United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).

Notes

- Data not available.
x Indicates data that refer to years or periods other than
  those specified in the column heading, differ from the
  standard definition, or refer to only part of a country.
y Indicates net primary school data derived from household
  surveys.  

                                     * * * *

        Table 5: Demographic indicators
                                                                                                                                            Average
                                           Population       Population                                                                      annual
                                          (thousands)         annual                                                                      growth rate
                                              1996          growth rate       Crude         Crude        Life       Total       % of        of urban
                                                                (%)         death rate    birth rate  expectancy  fertility  population  population (%)
                                          under   under                                                             rate      urbanized
                                  U5MR       18       5   1965-80 1980-96  1970   1996    1970  1996  1970  1996    1996        1996     1965-80 1980-96
                                  rank
AFG     Afghanistan                  4     9685    3734     1.9      1.6    27      21    52    52    37      45     6.9          20        5.3    3.3
ALB     Albania                     88     1246     363     2.4      1.5     8       6    33    22    67      71     2.7          38        2.9    2.2
ALG     Algeria                     92    13138    3900     3.0      2.7    16       6    49    30    53      68     4.0          57        4.0    4.3
AND     Andorra                    175       15       4     6.4      4.6     -       -     -     -     -       -       -          94        6.2    4.4
ANG     Angola                       2     6049    2200     2.0      2.9    27      19    49    49    37      47     6.8          32        5.4    5.5
ANT     Antigua and Barbuda        127       23       7     0.6      0.5     -       6    26    17    67      75       -          36        0.3    0.8
ARG     Argentina                  117    12130    3439     1.5      1.4     9       8    23    20    67      73     2.7          88        2.1    1.8
ARM     Armenia                    108     1213     285     2.3      1.0     6       7    24    15    72      71     1.8          69        3.4    1.3
AUS     Australia                  175     4601    1312     1.6      1.3     9       7    20    14    71      78     1.9          85        1.9    1.3
ATR     Austria                    175     1721     463     0.3      0.4    13      10    15    11    70      77     1.4          64        0.2    0.4
AZE     Azerbaijan                  85     2828     790     2.0      1.3     7       7    29    20    68      71     2.4          56        2.5    1.7
BAH     Bahamas                    123       96      24     2.7      1.9     7       5    27    18    66      73     2.0          87        2.9    2.8
BRN     Bahrain                    127      207      65     4.0      3.1     9       4    40    22    62      73     3.1          91        3.8    3.8
BAN     Bangladesh                  44    57200   13377     2.8      1.9    21      10    48    27    44      57     3.2          19        6.7    5.2
BAR     Barbados                   152       72      19     0.4      0.3     9       9    22    15    69      76     1.7          48        1.1    1.4
BSR     Belarus                    139     2655     584     0.8      0.4     9      12    17    11    71      70     1.5          72        3.4    1.9
BEL     Belgium                    164     2166     594     0.3      0.2    12      11    15    11    71      77     1.6          97        0.4    0.3
BZE     Belize                      85      106      33     2.1      2.5     8       4    40    32    66      74     3.8          47        1.7    2.2
BEN     Benin                       31     3050    1024     2.4      3.0    25      13    53    43    43      54     6.0          39        7.6    5.2
BTN     Bhutan                      36      887     306     2.0      2.1    23      14    43    41    40      52     5.9           6        4.4    5.2
BOL     Bolivia                     51     3556    1160     2.4      2.2    20       9    45    34    46      61     4.5          62        3.2    4.1
BHG     Bosnia and Herzegov        143      933     205     0.9     -0.5     7       7    23    11    66      73     1.4          43        3.9    0.7
BTW     Botswana                    80      745     237     3.3      3.1    15      12    50    36    52      52     4.6          63       12.5   12.0
BRZ     Brazil                      79    60228   15626     2.4      1.8    10       7    35    20    59      67     2.3          79        4.3    2.9
BRI     Brunei Darussalam          154      118      35     4.2      2.8     7       3    36    23    67      75     2.8          70        5.1    3.7
BUL     Bulgaria                   136     1903     433     0.5     -0.3     9      13    16    10    71      71     1.5          69        2.4    0.4
UPV     Burkina Faso                23     5821    2054     2.3      2.8    25      18    53    46    40      46     6.7          16        5.6    6.9
BRD     Burundi                     17     3292    1130     1.7      2.6    20      18    44    44    44      46     6.4           8        6.2    6.3
KMP     Cambodia                    19     4822    1564     0.4      2.9    21      13    42    35    43      53     4.6          21        1.3    6.2
CAM     Cameroon                    51     6879    2322     2.6      2.8    21      12    45    40    44      56     5.4          46        6.9    5.2
CAN     Canada                     164     7185    2003     1.5      1.2     7       7    17    13    73      79     1.6          77        1.7    1.3
CVR     Cape Verde                  65      190      59     1.6      2.0    12       8    41    32    57      66     3.7          56        3.4    7.4
CAR     Central African Rep         21     1626     537     2.1      2.3    22      17    43    38    42      49     5.1          40        4.0    3.1
CHD     Chad                        27     3241    1127     2.0      2.3    26      18    45    42    38      47     5.6          23        6.9    3.5
CLE     Chile                      149     4961    1465     1.8      1.6    10       6    30    20    62      75     2.5          84        2.6    1.8
CHN     China                       82   378019  101412     2.1      1.3     9       7    33    17    61      69     1.8          31        2.8    4.2
COL     Colombia                   104    14640    4303     2.4      2.0     9       6    37    24    61      71     2.8          73        3.6    2.8
COM     Comoros                     39      336     112     3.1      3.1    19      11    50    42    47      57     5.7          31        5.5    4.9
CBR     Congo                       48     1392     490     2.7      2.9    20      15    46    43    46      51     6.0          59        4.3    5.2
ZAI     Congo, Dem. Rep.            12    25140    9084     2.9      3.4    20      14    48    46    45      53     6.4          29        3.5    3.5
COK     Cook Islands               108        8       2    -0.4      0.3     -       -     -     -     -       -       -          63        0.0    1.1
CTR     Costa Rica                 146     1424     422     2.9      2.7     7       4    35    25    67      77     3.0          50        3.7    3.6
IVC     Côte d'Ivoire               25     7192    2239     4.0      3.4    20      14    52    38    44      51     5.3          44        6.7    4.8
CRO     Croatia                    154     1034     245     0.4      0.2    10      12    15    11    69      72     1.6          56        2.8    0.9
CBA     Cuba                       159     2867     776     1.5      0.8     7       7    29    14    70      76     1.6          76        2.6    1.5
CYP     Cyprus                     159      226      63     0.3      1.3    10       8    20    17    71      77     2.3          54        1.6    2.4
CZE     Czech Rep.                 164     2400     595     0.4      0.0    13      12    16    11    70      73     1.5          66        2.1    0.2
DAN     Denmark                    175     1108     341     0.5      0.1    10      12    16    13    73      75     1.8          85        1.0    0.3
DJB     Djibouti                    24      292      96     6.4      4.9    23      15    48    39    40      50     5.5          82        8.4    5.6
DOM     Dominica                   133       25       7     0.8     -0.3    11       6    26    23    -       73       -          69        2.8    0.3
DMR     Dominican Rep.              74     3255     953     2.7      2.1    11       5    42    25    58      71     2.9          63        5.1    3.4
ECU     Ecuador                     88     4973    1455     2.9      2.4    12       6    42    26    58      70     3.2          60        4.5    3.9
EGY     Egypt                       58    27791    7800     2.2      2.3    17       7    40    27    51      65     3.5          45        2.7    2.5
ESL     El Salvador                 88     2565     771     2.7      1.5    12       6    44    29    57      69     3.2          45        3.2    2.1
EQG     Equatorial Guinea           18      202      71    -1.5      4.0    25      17    42    42    40      49     5.6          44       -1.2    6.9
ETHB    Eritrea                     41     1650     569     2.6      2.0    21      15    47    41    43      50     5.5          18        4.8    3.6
EST     Estonia                    145      358      73     0.9      0.0    11      13    15    10    70      69     1.4          73        1.7    0.3
ETH     Ethiopia                    16    30615   11257     2.4      2.9    24      17    50    48    40      49     7.0          16        4.5    5.6
FJI     Fiji                       121      326      87     2.1      1.4     7       5    35    23    64      72     2.8          41        3.1    1.9
FIN     Finland                    189     1170     326     0.3      0.4    10      10    15    12    70      76     1.8          63        2.4    0.8
FRA     France                     175    13492    3563     0.7      0.5    11       9    17    12    72      79     1.7          75        1.3    0.6
GAB     Gabon                       28      487     167     2.2      2.9    21      15    32    37    44      55     5.3          51        5.5    5.5
GAM     Gambia                      49      535     189     3.1      3.6    28      18    49    41    36      46     5.3          30        5.5    6.2
GEO     Georgia                    113     1529     405     0.8      0.4    10       9    19    14    68      73     2.0          59        1.7    1.3
GERB    Germany                    175    15836    3978     0.2      0.3    12      11    14     9    71      76     1.3          87        0.6    0.6
GHA     Ghana                       47     9110    2987     2.1      3.1    17      11    46    39    49      57     5.4          36        3.3    4.1
GRE     Greece                     161     2168     517     0.8      0.5     8      10    17    10    72      78     1.4          59        2.1    0.7
GND     Grenada                    104       33      10    -0.6      0.2     -       -     -     -     -       -       -          37       -0.2    1.0
GUA     Guatemala                   74     5563    1824     2.8      2.9    15       7    45    37    52      66     5.0          39        3.4    3.2
GUI     Guinea                      11     4027    1462     1.6      3.3    28      19    52    49    37      46     6.7          30        4.9    6.0
BIS     Guinea-Bissau                6      523     181     2.8      2.0    27      21    41    41    36      44     5.5          22        3.9    3.6
GUY     Guyana                      56      315      92     1.1      0.6    11       8    38    23    60      64     2.4          36        1.4    1.6
HTI     Haiti                       34     3389    1091     1.7      1.9    19      13    39    34    47      54     4.7          32        3.7    3.9
HLY     Holy See                     -        -       -       -        -     -       -     -     -     -       -       -         100          -      -
HON     Honduras                    97     2924     939     3.1      3.1    15       6    48    35    53      69     4.5          44        5.1    4.6
HUN     Hungary                    152     2250     561     0.4     -0.4    11      15    15    11    69      69     1.5          65        1.8    0.4
ICE     Iceland                    186       78      23     1.1      1.1     7       7    22    17    74      79     2.2          92        1.6    1.3
IND     India                       46   382891  111216     2.2      2.0    17       9    39    26    49      62     3.2          27        3.6    3.0
IDS     Indonesia                   67    77807   21884     2.3      1.8    18       8    40    24    48      64     2.7          36        4.6    4.9
IRN     Iran                        96    35706   11348     3.1      3.6    16       6    45    35    55      69     4.9          60        4.9    4.8
IRQ     Iraq                        39    10116    3158     3.3      2.9    16       9    48    37    55      61     5.4          75        5.0    3.8
IRE     Ireland                    164     1039     241     1.1      0.3    11       9    22    13    71      76     1.9          58        2.0    0.5
ISR     Israel                     161     1950     568     2.8      2.4     7       6    26    21    71      77     2.8          90        3.4    2.5
ITY     Italy                      164    10492    2686     0.5      0.1    10      10    17     9    72      78     1.2          67        1.0    0.1
JAM     Jamaica                    154      924     281     1.3      1.0     8       6    35    22    67      74     2.5          54        2.7    1.9
JPN     Japan                      175    24730    6178     1.1      0.4     7       8    19    10    72      80     1.5          78        1.9    0.6
JDN     Jordan                     117     2789     960     2.7      4.0    18       5    51    38    54      69     5.3          72        4.4    5.2
KAZ     Kazakstan                   84     5890    1519     1.5      0.7     9       8    26    19    64      68     2.4          60        2.4    1.4
KEN     Kenya                       55    14739    4419     3.6      3.2    18      11    53    37    50      54     5.0          30        7.7    7.0
KRB     Kiribati                    61       37      12     2.0      1.7     -       9    -     28    49      58       -          36        5.0    2.6
DRK     Korea, Dem. People'        108     6986    2311     2.5      1.5    10       6    40    21    60      72     2.1          62        4.1    2.0
KOR     Korea, Rep. of             164    12646    3387     1.9      1.1    10       6    30    15    60      72     1.7          82        5.7    3.4
KWT     Kuwait                     147      756     187     7.1      1.3     6       2    47    22    66      76     2.9         100        8.1    2.0
KIR     Kyrgyzstan                  80     1904     564     2.3      1.3    11       7    31    26    62      68     3.3          39        2.7    1.4
LAO     Lao People's Dem. R         35     2574     917     1.8      2.8    23      14    44    45    40      53     6.7          21        5.0    5.7
LAT     Latvia                     133      609     133     0.7     -0.1    11      14    14    10    70      68     1.5          73        1.6    0.4
LEB     Lebanon                     88     1223     376     1.4      0.9    11       7    35    25    64      69     2.9          87        4.1    2.0
LES     Lesotho                     32     1010     326     2.3      2.6    20      11    43    36    48      58     5.0          25        7.3    6.5
LBR     Liberia                      5     1107     331     3.0      1.1    21      19    49    48    46      48     6.5          48        6.1    3.1
LBY     Libya                       70     2896     987     4.2      3.8    16       7    49    41    52      65     6.1          86       10.4    5.2
LIE     Liechtenstein              164        7       2     2.2      1.3     -       -     -     -     -       -       -          19        1.5    1.1
LIT     Lithuania                  139      957     229     0.9      0.5     9      12    17    11    71      70     1.6          72        3.0    1.6
LUX     Luxembourg                 164       88      26     0.6      0.8    12      10    13    13    70      76     1.7          90        2.1    1.6
MAD     Madagascar                  21     8185    2761     2.6      3.3    19      10    47    42    45      58     5.8          27        5.3    5.8
MLW     Malawi                       8     5266    1868     2.9      2.9    25      22    56    49    40      41     6.8          14        7.1    5.6
MLY     Malaysia                   149     8916    2668     2.5      2.5    10       5    37    26    61      72     3.4          54        4.7    4.1
MAL     Maldives                    61      140      47     2.5      3.2    17       8    40    42    50      64     6.8          27        6.6    4.5
MLI     Mali                         7     5995    2183     2.2      3.0    26      18    51    48    38      47     6.8          28        4.8    5.5
MLT     Malta                      154       98      26     0.4      0.8     9       8    17    14    70      77     2.1          89        1.2    1.3
MSI     Marshall Islands            54       26       8     3.4      3.0     -       -     -     -     -       -       -          70        2.4    4.3
MTA     Mauritania                  15     1157     380     2.3      2.6    22      13    45    39    43      53     5.1          53        9.7    6.7
MTS     Mauritius                  123      377     111     1.7      1.0     7       7    29    20    62      71     2.3          41        2.6    0.7
MEX     Mexico                     102    38611   11234     3.0      2.0    10       5    44    25    61      72     2.9          74        4.2    2.6
FSM     Micronesia, Fed. St        116       58      19     3.1      2.6     -       7    -     33    58      -        -          29        3.7    3.4
MOL     Moldova, Rep. of           102     1382     327     1.2      0.6    10      11    19    14    65      68     1.9          52        3.7    2.3
MON     Monaco                     175        7       2     1.4      1.1     -       -     -     -     -       -       -         100        1.4    1.1
MGL     Mongolia                    67     1135     314     2.8      2.6    14       7    42    28    53      65     3.4          61        4.2    3.6
MOR     Morocco                     64    11526    3375     2.5      2.1    17       7    47    26    52      66     3.3          53        4.2    3.6
MOZ     Mozambique                   9     9114    3193     2.5      2.4    22      18    46    43    42      47     6.2          35        9.5    8.6
BUR     Myanmar                     25    19055    5675     2.2      1.9    17      10    40    28    49      59     3.4          26        3.1    2.5
NMB     Namibia                     60      767     252     2.6      2.7    18      12    43    36    48      56     5.0          37        4.6    5.7
NAU     Nauru                      104        5       2     2.2      2.8     -       -     -     -     -       -       -         100        2.2    2.8
NEP     Nepal                       42    10887    3593     2.3      2.6    22      12    45    37    42      56     5.1          11        6.5    5.7
NET     Netherlands                175     3394     976     0.9      0.6     8       9    17    12    74      78     1.6          89        1.2    0.6
NZD     New Zealand                164      988     292     1.1      0.9     9       8    22    16    72      77     2.1          86        1.5    1.1
NIC     Nicaragua                   73     2130     659     3.1      2.6    14       6    48    34    54      68     4.0          63        4.6    3.6
NIG     Niger                        1     5197    1931     2.8      3.3    26      18    58    51    38      48     7.2          19        6.9    5.8
NGR     Nigeria                     14    59722   21052     2.6      2.9    21      14    46    43    43      52     6.1          41        5.7    5.5
NIU     Niue                         -         1       0      -        -     -       -     -     -     -       -       -          50          -      -
NOR     Norway                     175     1000     298     0.6      0.4    10      11    17    14    74      77     1.9          73        2.0    0.6
OMN     Oman                       139     1233     444     3.9      4.4    21       4    50    44    47      70     7.2          78       14.6   10.1
PAK     Pakistan                    33    68346   22773     2.7      3.1    19       8    48    37    49      63     5.2          35        3.8    4.5
PAL     Palau                       97        8       3     2.7      2.2     -       -     -     -     -       -       -          71        3.1    2.5
PAN     Panama                     133     1040     305     2.7      2.0     8       5    37    23    65      74     2.7          56        3.5    2.6
PAP     Papua New Guinea            44     2014     637     2.4      2.2    18      10    42    33    46      57     4.8          16        8.6    3.6
PAR     Paraguay                   100     2361     743     2.7      2.9     9       6    37    32    66      69     4.3          53        3.6    4.4
PER     Peru                        72    10074    2901     2.8      2.0    14       7    42    26    54      68     3.1          71        4.2    2.6
PHI     Philippines                 93    30923    9602     2.7      2.3    10       6    39    29    57      68     3.7          55        3.9    4.7
POL     Poland                     147    10589    2422     0.8      0.5     8      11    17    12    70      71     1.7          64        1.8    1.1
POR     Portugal                   164     2146     557     0.4      0.0    11      11    20    11    67      75     1.5          36        1.8    1.3
QTR     Qatar                      132      175      50     7.9      5.6    13       4    34    19    61      71     3.9          92        8.6    6.0
ROM     Romania                    117     5646    1195     1.0      0.1     9      11    20    11    69      70     1.4          56        2.8    1.0
RUS     Russian Federation         117    37115    7389     0.6      0.4     9      14    15    10    69      65     1.4          76        1.8    1.0
RWA     Rwanda                      19     2880     950     3.2      0.3    21      27    53    43    44      36     6.2           6        6.8    1.9
STK     Saint Kitts and Nev         93       15       4    -0.7     -0.4    11      12    -     20    -       69       -          34        0.4   -0.8
STL     Saint Lucia                127       51      15     1.3      1.4     -       6    41    28    62      71       -          38        1.0    1.4
STV     Saint Vincent/Grena        123       40      12     1.0      0.9     -       7    -     22    63      72       -          50        5.4    4.6
WTS     Samoa                       77       75      20     1.2      0.4    12       6    44    27    57      69     3.9          22        1.9    0.5
SAN     San Marino                 149        5       1     1.4      1.1     -       -     -     -     -       -       -          96        4.2    2.2
STP     Sao Tome and Princi         57       71      25     2.2      2.3     -       7    -     35    -       69       -          44        5.3    4.4
SDA     Saudi Arabia               108     9033    2977     4.6      4.2    18       4    48    35    52      71     6.0          84        8.2    5.7
SEN     Senegal                     36     4359    1470     2.8      2.7    25      15    49    42    39      51     5.8          44        3.4    4.0
SEY     Seychelles                 136       39      13     2.0      1.0     -       7    -     22    -       72       -          55        4.9    3.1
SRL     Sierra Leone                 3     2163     765     1.9      1.8    30      27    49    47    34      37     6.2          34        5.5    4.0
SIN     Singapore                  189      888     294     1.7      2.1     5       5    23    16    69      77     1.8         100        1.7    2.1
SLK     Slovakia                   154     1468     348     0.9      0.4    10      11    19    12    70      71     1.6          59        3.1    1.3
SLV     Slovenia                   175      426      92     0.8      0.3    10      11    17    10    70      73     1.3          52        3.4    0.7
SOL     Solomon Islands            113      199      65     3.4      3.4    10       4    46    37    60      71     5.1          18        4.6    6.6
SOM     Somalia                     10     5308    1941     3.1      2.4    24      17    50    50    40      48     7.0          26        3.9    3.4
SAF     South Africa                69    18378    5761     2.6      2.3    14       8    39    30    53      65     3.9          50        2.7    2.5
SPN     Spain                      186     8172    1935     1.1      0.3     9       9    20    10    72      78     1.2          77        2.2    0.7
SRI     Sri Lanka                  136     6382    1588     1.9      1.3     8       6    30    18    65      73     2.1          22        2.4    1.5
SUD     Sudan                       42    13026    3999     2.8      2.4    21      12    47    34    43      54     4.7          32        5.6    5.4
SUR     Suriname                   104      173      50     0.4      1.2     8       6    37    23    63      71     2.5          50        0.1    1.9
SZD     Swaziland                   53      439     144     2.8      2.8    19      10    48    37    46      59     4.6          32        9.5    6.5
SWD     Sweden                     189     1963     584     0.5      0.4    10      11    14    12    74      78     1.9          83        1.0    0.4
SWZ     Switzerland                186     1500     423     0.5      0.8     9       9    16    11    73      78     1.5          61        1.0    1.3
SYR     Syria                      100     7485    2103     3.3      3.2    14       5    47    31    56      68     4.2          53        4.3    4.0
TAD     Tajikistan                  61     2842     835     3.0      2.5    10       7    40    31    63      67     4.0          32        2.9    2.2
TNZ     Tanzania                    29    16154    5479     3.0      3.2    19      14    50    42    45      51     5.6          25        9.9    6.5
MCD     TFYR Macedonia             108      636     164     1.3      1.2     8       7    25    15    66      72     2.0          60        3.2    1.9
THL     Thailand                    93    19529    4830     2.8      1.4    10       6    38    17    58      69     1.8          20        4.7    2.5
TGO     Togo                        38     2197     766     3.2      3.0    20      15    46    43    44      50     6.2          31        7.9    4.9
TGA     Tonga                      123       41      12     1.5      0.4     -       6    -     28    -       69       -          42        2.6    3.9
TDT     Trinidad and Tobago        143      467     108     1.3      1.1     7       6    28    17    66      73     2.2          72        1.2    2.0
TUN     Tunisia                     97     3742    1044     2.2      2.2    14       6    39    24    54      69     3.0          63        4.0    3.4
TUR     Turkey                      82    22986    6388     2.4      2.1    13       7    37    22    56      68     2.6          71        4.0    5.0
TUK     Turkmenistan                58     1887     570     2.8      2.3    11       8    38    30    60      65     3.7          45        2.8    2.1
TUV     Tuvalu                      74        4       1     1.9      1.4     -       -     -     -     -       -       -          40        4.6    4.3
UGD     Uganda                      30    11239    4066     3.3      2.7    19      21    50    51    46      41     7.1          13        5.3    5.1
UKR     Ukraine                    121    12377    2771     0.7      0.2     9      14    15    10    71      69     1.5          71        2.0    1.0
UAE     United Arab Emirate        139      781     213    13.0      5.0    11       3    36    19    61      75     3.6          84       15.6    6.0
UKD     United Kingdom             164    13333    3681     0.2      0.2    12      11    16    12    72      77     1.7          89        0.4    0.2
USA     United States              163    70382   20014     1.0      1.0     9       9    17    14    71      76     2.0          76        1.1    1.2
URG     Uruguay                    127      941     263     0.5      0.6    10      10    21    17    69      73     2.3          90        0.9    1.0
UZB     Uzbekistan                  71    10614    3162     3.0      2.3    10       7    36    29    63      68     3.6          41        3.9    2.4
VAN     Vanuatu                     77       86      27     3.0      2.5    14       6    46    34    53      67     4.5          19        6.4    2.8
VNZ     Venezuela                  115     9411    2770     3.4      2.4     7       5    38    26    65      72     3.1          86        4.5    3.0
SVN     Viet Nam                    85    32318    9558     2.2      2.1    15       7    38    26    49      67     3.1          19        3.3    2.2
YMN     Yemen                       50     8498    3084     2.3      4.0    23      11    53    48    41      57     7.6          34        6.3    7.4
YUGB    Yugoslavia, Fed. Re        127     2678     655     0.8      0.5     9      10    19    13    68      72     1.8          57        3.0    1.8
ZAM     Zambia                      13     4562    1483     3.1      2.3    19      18    49    43    46      43     5.6          43        6.6    2.8
ZIM     Zimbabwe                    65     5822    1951     3.1      3.0    16      14    50    38    50      49     4.8          33        6.0    5.3

        Regional summaries
        Sub-Saharan Africa               298349  103119     2.7      2.9    21      15    48    43    44      51     5.9          32        5.2    5.0
        Middle East and North Af         150639   46229     2.9      3.0    17       7    45    32    52      65     4.5          56        4.8    4.3
        South Asia                       536418  156634     2.3      2.1    18       9    41    28    48      61     3.5          27        3.8    3.4
        East Asia and Pacific            598624  165346     2.2      1.5    11       7    35    19    58      68     2.1          33        3.4    4.1
        Latin America and Caribb         189383   53761     2.5      1.9    10       6    37    23    60      69     2.8          74        3.8    2.7
        CEE/CIS and Baltic State         137929   33210     1.1      0.7     9      11    20    14    66      68     1.9          67        2.3    1.7
        Industrialized countries         191260   51706     0.8      0.6    10       9    17    12    72      77     1.7          78        1.2    0.8
        Developing countries            1827055  540175     2.3      2.0    14       9    38    26    53      62     3.2          38        3.9    3.8
        Least developed countrie         298758   97112     2.5      2.5    22      14    48    40    43      51     5.3          23        5.4    5.0
        World                           2102602  610005     2.0      1.7    13       9    32    23    56      63     2.9          46        2.8    2.8

       Countries in each region can be found in the Regional summaries country list.

Definitions of the indicators

Life expectancy at birth - The number of years newborn
children would live if subject to the mortality risks
prevailing for the cross-section of population at the time of
their birth. 

Crude death rate - Annual number of deaths per 1,000 population. 

Crude birth rate - Annual number of births per 1,000 population.

Total fertility rate - The number of children that would be born per
woman if she were to live to the end of her childbearing years and
bear children at each age in accordance with prevailing age-specific
fertility rates.

Urban population - Percentage of population living in urban areas as
defined according to the national definition used in the most recent
population census.


Main data sources

Life expectancy - United Nations Population Division.

Child population - United Nations Population Division. 

Crude death and birth rates - United Nations Population Division. 
 
Fertility - United Nations Population Division. 

Urban population - United Nations Population Division. 

 
Notes

- Data not available.
x Indicates data that refer to years or periods other than
  those specified in the column heading, differ from the
  standard definition, or refer to only part of a country.

                                 * * * *

        Table 6: Economic indicators
                                                    GNP per capita     Annual       % of      % of central government                  ODA inflow     Debt service
                                           GNP per  average annual     Rate of   population   expenditure allocated to    ODA inflow   as a % of       as a % of
                                            capita  growth rate (%)   inflation   below $1          (1990-96)             in millions  recipient      exports of
                                            (US$)                         (%)       a day                                     US$         GNP       goods and services

                                  U5MR       1995   1965-80  1985-95   1985-95     1990-96    health  education  defense       1995        1995     1970       1995
                                  rank
        Afghanistan                  4       250x     0.6       -            -          -         -        -         -          214           5       -          -
        Albania                     88       670       -      -6.0x         27          -         6        2         7          179           8       -          1
        Algeria                     92      1600      4.2     -2.4          23          2         -        -         -          310           1       3         37
        Andorra                    175         c       -        -            -          -         -        -         -            -           -       -          -
        Angola                       2       410       -      -6.1         170          -         6x      15x       34x         423          10       -         15
        Antigua and Barbud         127      6980x      -       2.7           4          -         -        -         -            2           0       -          2
        Argentina                  117      8030      1.7      1.8         256          -         2        5         7          222           0      22         26
        Armenia                    108       730       -     -15.1         183          -         -        -         -          213           8       -          1
        Australia                  175     18720      2.2      1.4           4          -        13        8         7            -           -       -          -
        Austria                    175     26890      4.0      1.9           3          -        14       10         2            -           -       -          -
        Azerbaijan                  85       480       -     -16.3         279          -         -        -         -          109           3       -          1
        Bahamas                    123     11940       -      -0.8           3          -        15       19         3            4           0       -          -
        Bahrain                    127      7840       -       0.2           0          -         9       13        17           49           1       -          2
        Bangladesh                  44       240     -0.3      2.1           6          -         5x      11x       10x        1269           4       0         15
        Barbados                   152      6560       -       0.8           3          -         -        -         -           -1          -0       -         10
        Belarus                    139      2070       -      -5.2         309          -         2       18         4            -           -       -          2
        Belgium                    164     24710      3.6      2.2           3          -         2x      12x        5x           -           -       -          -
        Belize                      85      2630       -       3.9           4          -        13       20         5           16           4       -          -
        Benin                       31       370     -0.3     -0.3           3          -         6x      31x       17x         276          14       2         13
        Bhutan                      36       420       -       4.9           8          -         8       10         -           73          25       -         10
        Bolivia                     51       800      1.7      1.8          18          7         6       19         8          692          12      11         26
        Bosnia and Herzego         143         a       -        -            -          -         -        -         -            -           -       -          -
        Botswana                    80      3020      9.9      6.1          12         35         5       21        12           92           2       1          4
        Brazil                      79      3640      6.3     -0.8         875         29         5        3         3          366           0      12         29
        Brunei Darussalam          154     25160       -        -            0          -         -        -         -            4           0       -          -
        Bulgaria                   136      1330       -      -2.6          46          3         3        4         6            -           -       -         11
        Burkina Faso                23       230      1.7     -0.2           3          -         7       17        14          483          20       4         17
        Burundi                     17       160      2.4     -1.3           6          -         4x      16x       16x         288          29       4         22
        Cambodia                    19       270       -       2.0          71          -         -        -         -          567          21       -          2
        Cameroon                    51       650      2.4     -6.6           2          -         5       18         9          444           5       3         17
        Canada                     164     19380      3.3      0.4           3          -         5        3         6            -           -       -          -
        Cape Verde                  65       960       -       2.1           7          -         -        -         -          111          30       -          -
        Central African Re          21       340      0.8     -2.4           4          -         -        -         -          161          14       5          3
        Chad                        27       180     -1.9      0.6           3          -         8x       8x        -          237          21       4          7x
        Chile                      149      4160      0.0      6.1          18         15        12       15         9          159           0      19         15
        China                       82       620      4.1      8.3           9         29         0        2        12         3521           0       0         10
        Colombia                   104      1910      3.7      2.6          25          7         5       19         9          231           0      12         27
        Comoros                     39       470       -      -1.4           4          -         -        -         -           43          18       -          2
        Congo                       48       680      2.7     -3.2           2          -         -        -         -          125           7      11         11
        Congo, Dem. Rep.            12       120     -1.3     -8.5           -          -         1        1         4          189           4       5          6x
        Cook Islands               108      1550x      -        -            -          -         -        -         -           13          16       -          -
        Costa Rica                 146      2610      3.3      2.8          18         19        21       17         -           25           0      10         15
        Côte d'Ivoire               25       660      2.8     -4.3           4         18         4x      21x        4x        1200          13       7         18
        Croatia                    154      3250       -        -            -          -        15        7        21            -           -       -          2
        Cuba                       159      1170x      -        -            -          -        23x      10x        -           64           0x      -          -
        Cyprus                     159     10260x      -       4.6           4          -         6       11         3           22           0       -          -
        Czech Rep.                 164      3870       -      -1.8          12          3        17       12         6            -           -       -          8
        Denmark                    175     29890      2.2      1.5           3          -         1        9         4            -           -       -          -
        Djibouti                    24       780x      -        -            -          -         -        -         -          103           -       -          7
        Dominica                   133      2990       -       4.1           4          -         -        -         -           24          11       -          6
        Dominican Rep.              74      1460      3.8      2.1          26         20        10       12         5          124           1       4         16
        Ecuador                     88      1390      5.4      0.8          46         30        11       18        13          235           1       9         21
        Egypt                       58       790      2.8      1.1          16          8         2       12         9         2017           4      26         21
        El Salvador                 88      1610      1.5      2.8          15          -         8       13         8          304           3       4         13
        Equatorial Guinea           18       380       -       2.3           4          -         -        -         -           33          22       -          1
        Eritrea                     41       100x      -        -            -          -         -        -         -          145          46x      -          -
        Estonia                    145      2860       -      -4.3          77          6        17        9         3            -           -       -          0
        Ethiopia                    16       100      0.4     -0.3           6         34         5       14        20          876          15      11         20
        Fiji                       121      2440       -       2.0           5          -         9       18         6           43           2       -          4
        Finland                    189     20580      3.6     -0.2           4          -         3       11         4            -           -       -          -
        France                     175     24990      3.7      1.5           3          -        16        7         6            -           -       -          -
        Gabon                       28      3490      5.6     -8.2           5          -         -        -         -          143           4       6         13
        Gambia                      49       320       -       0.3           9          -         7       12         4           46          13       1         11
        Georgia                    113       440       -     -17.0         310          -         -        -         -          209           9       -          4
        Germany                    175     27510      3.0x     1.9x          3          -        17        1         7            -           -       -          -
        Ghana                       47       390     -0.8      1.4          29          -         7       22         5          644          10       5         15
        Greece                     161      8210      4.8      1.3          15          -         7        9         9            -           -       9         17
        Grenada                    104      2980       -        -            5          -        10       17         -           10           4       -         13
        Guatemala                   74      1340      3.0      0.3          19         53        11       19        15          213           1       7         11
        Guinea                      11       550      1.3      1.4          17         26         3x      11x       29x         392          11       -         13
        Guinea-Bissau                6       250     -2.7      2.0          63         87         1x       3x        4x         119          45       -         30
        Guyana                      56       590       -       0.6          51          -         -        -         -           88          18       -         19
        Haiti                       34       250      0.9     -5.2          15          -         -        -         -          733          41       5         14
        Holy See                     -         -       -        -            -          -         -        -         -            -           -       -          -
        Honduras                    97       600      1.1      0.1          14         47        10x      19x        7x         411          12       3         32
        Hungary                    152      4120      5.1     -1.0          20          1         8        3         4            -           -       -         31
        Iceland                    186     24950       -       1.0          12          -        23       12         -            -           -       -          -
        India                       46       340      1.5      3.2          10         53         2        2        14         1738           1      21         23
        Indonesia                   67       980      5.2      6.0           9         15         3       10         7         1389           1       7         23
        Iran                        96      1033x     2.9     -1.5          24          -         9       16         6          183           0       -         19x
        Iraq                        39      1036x      -        -            -          -         -        -         -          326           2x      -          -
        Ireland                    164     14710      2.8      5.2           3          -        14       13         3            -           -       -          -
        Israel                     161     15920      3.7      2.5          17          -         9       13        18          336           0       3          -
        Italy                      164     19020      3.2      1.8           6          -        11x       8x        4x           -           -       -          -
        Jamaica                    154      1510     -0.1      3.6          28          5         7x      11x        8x         108           3       3         17
        Japan                      175     39640      5.1      2.9           1          -         2        6         4            -           -       -          -
        Jordan                     117      1510      5.8x    -4.5           7          3         8       16        21          536           8       4         21
        Kazakstan                   84      1330       -      -8.6         307          -         -        -         -           58           0       -          3
        Kenya                       55       280      3.1      0.1          13         50         5       19         6          707           9       6         23
        Kiribati                    61       920       -      -0.6           4          -         -        -         -           15          21       -          -
        Korea, Dem. People         108       970x      -        -            -          -         -        -         -           14           0x      -          -
        Korea, Rep. of             164      9700      7.3      7.7           7          -         1       21        17           58           0      20          3
        Kuwait                     147     17390      0.6x     1.1          -1          -         6       11        25            6           0       -          -
        Kyrgyzstan                  80       700       -      -6.9         172         19         -        -         -          283           9       -          7
        Lao People's Dem.           35       350       -       2.7          23          -         -        -         -          311          18       -          8x
        Latvia                     133      2270       -      -6.6          73          -         6       15         3            -           -       -          1
        Lebanon                     88      2660       -       2.7          46          -         -        -         -          188           2       -         16
        Lesotho                     32       770      6.8      1.2          13         50        13       21         6          114           8       1         17
        Liberia                      5       490x     0.5       -            -          -         5x      11x        9x         121          11       8          -
        Libya                       70      5540x     0.0       -            -          -         -        -         -            7           0       -          -
        Liechtenstein              164         c       -        -            -          -         -        -         -            -           -       -          -
        Lithuania                  139      1900       -     -11.7         151          2         7        7         2            -           -       -          0
        Luxembourg                 164     41210       -       0.9           5          -         2        9         1            -           -       -          -
        Madagascar                  21       230     -0.4     -2.2          18         72         6       11         5          301           9      32          7
        Malawi                       8       170      3.2     -0.7          22          -         7x      12x        5x         429          26       8         22
        Malaysia                   149      3890      4.7      5.7           3          6         6       22        13          114           0       4          3
        Maldives                    61       990       -       5.9           9          -         8       16         -           55          22       -          -
        Mali                         7       250      2.1x     0.8           5          -         2x       9x        8x         542          22       1          7
        Malta                      154      7910x      -       5.1           3          -        11       12         2            9           0       -          -
        Marshall Islands            54      1680x      -        -            5          -         -        -         -           39          41       -          -
        Mauritania                  15       460     -0.1      0.5           7         31         4x      23x        -          220          21       3         19
        Mauritius                  123      3380      3.7      5.4           9          -         9       17         2           23           1       3          5
        Mexico                     102      3320      3.6      0.1          37         15         3       27         4          379           0      24         19
        Micronesia, Fed. S         116      2010       -        -            5          -         -        -         -           77          36       -          -
        Moldova, Rep. of           102       920       -      -8.2           -          7         -        -         -            -           -       -          5
        Monaco                     175         c       -        -            -          -         -        -         -            -           -       -          -
        Mongolia                    67       310       -      -3.8          52          -         4        7        12          208          27       -          9x
        Morocco                     64      1110      2.7      0.9           5          1         3       18        14          494           2       8         39
        Mozambique                   9        80       -       3.6          52          -         5x      10x       35x        1102          81       -         58
        Myanmar                     25       220x     1.6      0.4          26          -         4       12        37          152           2x     18         15x
        Namibia                     60      2000       -       2.9          10          -        10       22         7          188           6       -          -
        Nauru                      104         -       -        -            -          -         -        -         -            -           -       -          -
        Nepal                       42       200       -       2.4          12         53         5       14         4          430          10       3          8
        Netherlands                175     24000      2.7      1.9           2          -        15       11         4            -           -       -          -
        New Zealand                164     14340      1.7      0.8           4          -        16       15         4            -           -       -          -
        Nicaragua                   73       380     -0.7     -5.4         962         44        13       15         6          662          40      11         57
        Niger                        1       220     -2.5     -2.1           1         62         -        -         -          268          14       4          9x
        Nigeria                     14       260      4.2      1.2          33         29         1x       3x        3x         208           1       4         22
        Niue                         -         -       -        -            -          -         -        -         -            8           -       -          -
        Norway                     175     31250      3.6      1.7           3          -         4        7         7            -           -       -          -
        Oman                       139      4820      9.0      0.3          -0          -         6       13        35           59           1       -          8
        Pakistan                    33       460      1.8      1.2           9         12         1        2        31          805           1      22         29
        Palau                       97       790x      -        -            -          -         -        -         -          142           -       -          -
        Panama                     133      2750      2.8     -0.4           2         26        18       17         5           50           1       8          8
        Papua New Guinea            44      1160       -       2.3           5          -         8       15         4          372           7       1         10
        Paraguay                   100      1690      4.1      1.2          25          -         7       22        11          146           2      12          8
        Peru                        72      2310      0.8     -1.6         399         49         5       16        11          428           1      12         13
        Philippines                 93      1050      3.2      1.5          10         28         3       16        11          884           1       8         16
        Poland                     147      2790       -       1.2          92          7         -        -         -            -           -       -          6
        Portugal                   164      9740      4.6      3.6          11          -         9x      11x        6x           -           -       7         16
        Qatar                      132     11600       -      -4.2           -          -         -        -         -            3           0       -          -
        Romania                    117      1480       -      -3.8          69         18         8       10         7            -           -       0          4
        Russian Federation         117      2240       -      -5.1         149          1         2        2        12            -           -       -          8
        Rwanda                      19       180      1.6     -5.4          11         46         5x      26x        -          711          63       1         28
        Saint Kitts and Ne          93      5170       -       4.8           6          -         -        -         -            4           2       -          -
        Saint Lucia                127      3370       -       3.9           3          -         -        -         -           47           9       -          -
        Saint Vincent/Gren         123      2280       -       3.8           4          -        13       17         -           47          19       -          -
        Samoa                       77      1120       -       0.2          11          -         -        -         -           43          23       -          -
        San Marino                 149         -       -        -            -          -         -        -         -            -           -       -          -
        Sao Tome and Princ          57       350       -      -2.1          40          -         -        -         -           78         174       -         17
        Saudi Arabia               108      7040      4.0x    -1.9           3          -         6x      14x       36x          21           0       -          1
        Senegal                     36       600     -0.5     -1.2           4         54         -        -         -          663          13       4         12
        Seychelles                 136      6620       -       4.2           3          -         8       12         4           13           3       -          7
        Sierra Leone                 3       180      0.7     -3.6          62          -        10       13        10          205          27      11         27
        Singapore                  189     26730      8.3      6.2           4          -         7       23        29           16           0       1          -
        Slovakia                   154      2950       -      -2.8          11         13         -        -         -            -           -       -          6
        Slovenia                   175      8200       -        -            -          -         -        -         -            -           -       -          3
        Solomon Islands            113       910       -       3.2          12          -         -        -         -           47          14       -          -
        Somalia                     10       110x    -0.1     -2.3x         75          -         1x       2x       38x         191          20       2          7x
        South Africa                69      3160      3.2     -1.1          14         24         -        -         -          384           0       -          5
        Spain                      186     13580      4.1      2.6           6          -         6        4         3            -           -       -          -
        Sri Lanka                  136       700      2.8      2.6          12          4         6       10        15          553           4      11         11
        Sudan                       42       310x     0.8      0.6          63          -         -        -         -          225           3      11          0x
        Suriname                   104       880       -       3.5          49          -         -        -         -           77          21       -          -
        Swaziland                   53      1170       -      -1.4          12          -         -        -         -           54           5       -          2
        Sweden                     189     23750      2.0     -0.1           6          -         0        5         6            -           -       -          -
        Switzerland                186     40630      1.5      0.2           3          -        20x       3x        6x           -           -       -          -
        Syria                      100      1120      5.1      0.9          16          -         3        9        28          347           2      11          3x
        Tajikistan                  61       340       -     -13.0         147          -         -        -         -           65           3       -          -
        Tanzania                    29       120      0.8      1.0          32         16         6x       8x       16x         875          24       1         16
        TFYR Macedonia             108       860       -        -            -          -         -        -         -            -           -       -          7
        Thailand                    93      2740      4.4      8.4           5          0         8       22        14          863           1       3          3
        Togo                        38       310      1.7     -2.7           3          -         5x      20x       11x         188          15       3          5
        Tonga                      123      1630       -       0.5           8          -         7       13         -           38          22       -          -
        Trinidad and Tobag         143      3770      3.1     -1.7           7          -         -        -         -           26           1       5         16
        Tunisia                     97      1820      4.7      1.9           6          4         6       17         6           69           0      18         17
        Turkey                      82      2780      3.6      2.2          65          -         3       12        10          303           0      16         27
        Turkmenistan                58       920       -      -9.6         381          5         -        -         -           26           1       -          4x
        Tuvalu                      74       650x      -        -            -          -         -        -         -            8           -       -          -
        Uganda                      30       240     -2.2      2.7          66         50         2x      15x       26x         805          17       3         18
        Ukraine                    121      1630       -      -9.2         363          -         -        -         -            -           -       -          2x
        United Arab Emirat         139     17400       -      -2.8           -          -         7       17        37            8           0       -          -
        United Kingdom             164     18700      2.0      1.4           5          -        14        5         8            -           -       -          -
        United States              163     26980      1.8      1.3           3          -        19        2        17            -           -       -          -
        Uruguay                    127      5170      2.5      3.1          71          -         6        7         7           81           0      22         22
        Uzbekistan                  71       970       -      -3.9         239          -         -        -         -           81           0       -          3
        Vanuatu                     77      1200       -      -1.1           6          -         -        -         -           46          23       -          -
        Venezuela                  115      3020      2.3      0.5          38         12        10x      20x        6x          49           0       3         17
        Viet Nam                    85       240       -       4.2          88          -         -        -         -          826           5       -          4
        Yemen                       50       260       -        -            -          -         5       21        30          173           4       -          5
        Yugoslavia, Fed. R         127         b       -        -            -          -         -        -         -            -           -       -          -
        Zambia                      13       400     -1.2     -0.8          92         85        14       15         -         2029          56       6         24
        Zimbabwe                    65       540      1.7     -0.6          21         41         8x      24x       17x         490           8       2         20x

        Regional summaries
        Sub-Saharan Africa                   501      2.8     -0.9          20         36         5       14        10        17379           6       6         11
        Middle East and North A             1710      3.1     -0.9          14                    6       15        21         5146           1      12         13
        South Asia                           345      1.4      2.8          10         47         2        3        16         5137           1      17         22
        East Asia and Pacific               1043      4.9      7.4           9         26         2       12        14         9818           0       6          7
        Latin America and Carib             3271      4.0      0.5         406         24         5       11         5         6026           0      13         21
        CEE/CIS and Baltic Stat             2086              -3.3         139          4         4        7        10            -           -                  9
        Industrialized countrie            25926      2.9      1.8           3                   12        4         9            -           -                  -
        Developing countries                1101      3.7      2.9         141         32         4       11        12        45181           1      11         13
        Least developed countri              220     -0.1      0.0          30                    5       13        15        16465          14       6         14
        World                               4812      3.1      1.9          32         30        11        6        10        45377           1      11         12


        Countries in each region can be found in the Regional summaries country list.
        a: Range $765 or less
        b: Range $766 to $3035
        c: Range $9386 or more

Definitions of the indicators

GNP per capita - Gross national product (GNP) is the sum of gross
value added by all resident producers, plus any taxes that are not
included in the valuation of output, plus net receipts of primary
income from non-resident sources. GNP per capita is the gross
national product, converted to United States dollars using the
World Bank Atlas method, divided by the mid-year population.

% of population below $1 a day - Percentage of population living on
less than $1 a day at 1985 international prices, adjusted for
purchasing power parity.

ODA - Official development assistance. 

Debt service - The sum of interest payments and repayments of
principal on external public and publicly guaranteed long-term debts. 


Main data sources

GNP per capita - World Bank.

% of population below $1 a day - World Bank. 

Expenditure on health, education and defence - International Monetary
Fund (IMF).

ODA - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 

Debt service - World Bank. 


Notes

a:   Range US$765 or less.
b:   Range US$766 to 3035.
c:   Range US$9386 or more.
-    Data not available.
x    Indicates data that refer to years or periods other than
     those specified in the column heading, differ from the
     standard definition, or refer to only part of a country.

                                     * * * *

        Table 7: Women                                                                                                                          % of births
                                                                                                                                    % of         attended
                                        Life expectancy  Adult literacy rate        Enrolment ratios           Contraceptive   pregnant women   by trained   Maternal
                                          females as a        females as a       females as a % of males         prevalence   immunized against   health     mortality
                                           % of males          % of males               1990-95                      (%)          tetanus        personnel     rate

                                   U5MR        1996               1995        primary school secondary school      1990-97         1995-96       1990-96       1990
                                   rank
        Afghanistan                   4         102                 32              51               34               2x               37             9x       1700
        Albania                      88         109                  -             101              103               -                 -            99x         65
        Algeria                      92         104                 66              88               88              57                34            77         160
        Andorra                     175           -                  -               -                -               -                 -             -           -
        Angola                        2         107                 52x             92                -               1x               28            15x       1500
        Antigua and Barbud          127          92                  -               -                -              53x                -            90x         -
        Argentina                   117         110                100              99              107              74x               63            97         100
        Armenia                     108         110                 99             107              113               -                 -             -          50
        Australia                   175         108                  -              99              104              76x                -           100           9
        Austria                     175         110                  -             100               95              71x                -           100          10
        Azerbaijan                   85         112                 99              96               98               -                 -             -          22
        Bahamas                     123         110                 99             103              100              62x               75x          100x        100
        Bahrain                     127         106                 89             103              103              54x               54            97          60
        Bangladesh                   44         100                 53              87               52              49                72            14         850
        Barbados                    152         107                 99             101               89x             55x              100            98x         43
        Belarus                     139         117                 99              97              105              50                 -           100x         37
        Belgium                     164         108                  -             101              101              79                 -           100x         10
        Belize                       85         104                100x             96              113              47                88            77           -
        Benin                        31         110                 53              50               41               9x               75            45x        990
        Bhutan                       36         106                 50              61x              29x             19                70            15        1600
        Bolivia                      51         107                 84              91               85              45                52            47         650
        Bosnia and Herzego          143         109                  -               -                -               -                 -             -           -
        Botswana                     80         106                 74             101              107              33x               61            78x        250
        Brazil                       79         113                100              96x             116x             77                45            88         220
        Brunei Darussalam           154         107                 89              94              109               -                50x           98          60
        Bulgaria                    136         110                 99              95              106              76x                -           100x         27
        Burkina Faso                 23         104                 30              65               50               8                27            42         930
        Burundi                      17         107                 47              82               63               9x               33            19x       1300
        Cambodia                     19         106                 66x             82               58               -                36            47x        900
        Cameroon                     51         106                 69              90               69              16                12            64         550
        Canada                      164         108                  -              98              100              73x                -            99x          6
        Cape Verde                   65         103                 79              98               93              15x                4            30x          -
        Central African Re           21         111                 75              63x              35x             15                15            46         700
        Chad                         27         107                 56              48               23               1x               50            15        1500
        Chile                       149         108                100              98              106              43x                -            98x         65
        China                        82         104                 81              97               85              83                13            84          95
        Colombia                    104         107                100             102              119              72                57            85         100
        Comoros                      39         102                 78              85               81              21                34            52         950
        Congo                        48         110                 81               -                -               -                55             -         890
        Congo, Dem. Rep.             12         106                 78              74               45               8                20             -         870
        Cook Islands                108           -                  -               -                -              50                64            99           -
        Costa Rica                  146         107                100              98              109              75                90            93x         55
        Côte d'Ivoire                25         106                 60              76               52              11                22            45         810
        Croatia                     154         112                 99              99              108               -                91             -           -
        Cuba                        159         105                 99              99              113              70x               61x           90x         95
        Cyprus                      159         107                 93x            100              102               -                57x          100x          5
        Czech Rep.                  164         109                  -             100              104              69                 -             -          15
        Denmark                     175         107                  -             100              104              78x                -           100x          9
        Djibouti                     24         106                 55              77               67               -                39            79x        570
        Dominica                    133          96                  -               -                -              50x                -            96x          -
        Dominican Rep.               74         106                100             101              138              64                96            96         110
        Ecuador                      88         107                 96              98              104              57                25            64         150
        Egypt                        58         105                 61              87               87              48                55            46         170
        El Salvador                  88         109                 95             101              111              53                69            87         300
        Equatorial Guinea            18         106                 76               -                -               -                63            58x        820
        Eritrea                      41         106                  -              80               68               8                23            21        1400
        Estonia                     145         117                100              97               98              70                 -             -          41
        Ethiopia                     16         106                 54              64               91               4                36            14x       1400
        Fiji                        121         107                 95              99              102              32x              100            96x         90
        Finland                     189         110                  -             100              118              80x                -           100          11
        France                      175         112                  -              98              103              75                 -            99          15
        Gabon                        28         108                 72               -                -               -                 4            80x        500
        Gambia                       49         107                 47              71               52              12                92            44        1100
        Georgia                     113         112                 99              99               93               -                 -             -          33
        Germany                     175         110                  -             101               99              75                 -            99x         22
        Ghana                        47         105                 71              84               64              20                 9            44         740
        Greece                      161         107                 97             100               97               -                 -            97x         10
        Grenada                     104           -                  -               -                -              54                80            81x          -
        Guatemala                    74         108                 78              88               92              31                81            35         200
        Guinea                       11         102                 44              49               33               2                43            31        1600
        Guinea-Bissau                 6         107                 63              55x              44x              1x               43            27x        910
        Guyana                       56         110                 99              98x             105x              0x               56            90x          -
        Haiti                        34         106                 88              93               95              18                49            21        1000
        Holy See                      -           -                  -               -                -               -                 -             -           -
        Honduras                     97         107                100             101              128              47                99            88         220
        Hungary                     152         114                100             100              105              73x                -            99x         30
        Iceland                     186         105                  -              96              100               -                 -           100x          0
        India                        46         100                 58              81               64              41                78            34         570
        Indonesia                    67         105                 87              97               84              55                75            36         650
        Iran                         96         101                 76              93               82              73                50            77         120
        Iraq                         39         105                 63              85               64              18x               65            54x        310
        Ireland                     164         107                  -             100              105               -                 -             -          10
        Israel                      161         104                 96x            100              107               -                 -            99x          7
        Italy                       164         108                 99             101              101              78x                -             -          12
        Jamaica                     154         107                110              99              113              62                82            82x        120
        Japan                       175         108                  -             100              101              59                 -           100x         18
        Jordan                      117         106                 85             101              104              35                41            87         150
        Kazakstan                    84         116                 99             100              103              59                 -            99          80
        Kenya                        55         108                 81              99               82              33                21            45         650
        Kiribati                     61          92                  -               -                -              28                41            72           -
        Korea, Dem. People          108         109                  -              94x               -               -                95           100x         70
        Korea, Rep. of              164         112                 98             101               99              79                 -            98         130
        Kuwait                      147         105                 91             100               98              35x               21            99x         29
        Kyrgyzstan                   80         114                 96             101              106               -                 -             -         110
        Lao People's Dem.            35         106                 64              75               61              19                45             -         650
        Latvia                      133         117                100              95              106               -                64             -          40
        Lebanon                      88         104                 95              96              111              55x                -            45x        300
        Lesotho                      32         105                 77             112              148              23                10            40x        610
        Liberia                       5         107                 41              55x              39x              6x               35            58x        560
        Libya                        70         106                 72             100              100               -                45x           76x        220
        Liechtenstein               164           -                100x              -                -               -                 -             -           -
        Lithuania                   139         117                 99              98              105               -                 -             -          36
        Luxembourg                  164         108                  -             107              100               -                 -            99x          0
        Madagascar                   21         105                 53              96              100              17                33            57         490
        Malawi                        8         100                 58              90               67              22                56            55         560
        Malaysia                    149         106                 88             101              110              48x               79x           94          80
        Maldives                     61          97                100              98              100              10                93            90           -
        Mali                          7         107                 59              64               55               7                32            24        1200
        Malta                       154         107                101              97               89               -                 -             -           0
        Marshall Islands             54           -                  -               -                -              27                15x            -           -
        Mauritania                   15         108                 52              81               58               4                28            40         930
        Mauritius                   123         110                 91              99              103              75                79            97         120
        Mexico                      102         109                 95              96              102              53x               69            77         110
        Micronesia, Fed. S          116          95                  -               -                -               -                44            90x          -
        Moldova, Rep. of            102         113                101              99              104               -                 -             -          60
        Monaco                      175           -                  -               -                -               -                 -             -           -
        Mongolia                     67         105                 87             106              140               -                 -            99x         65
        Morocco                      64         106                 54              74               74              50               100            40         610
        Mozambique                    9         107                 40              72               60               4x               61            25x       1500
        Myanmar                      25         105                 88              96              100              17                79            57x        580
        Namibia                      60         104                 95x            101              121              29                75            68         370
        Nauru                       104           -                  -               -                -               -                 -             -           -
        Nepal                        42          98                 34              68               50              29                11x            9        1500
        Netherlands                 175         107                  -             102               91              80                 -           100x         12
        New Zealand                 164         107                  -              98              103              70x                -            99x         25
        Nicaragua                    73         108                103             103              118              49                96            61         160
        Niger                         1         109                 33              60               56               4                31            15        1200
        Nigeria                      14         106                 70              79               85               6                36            31        1000
        Niue                          -           -                  -               -                -               -                 -             -           -
        Norway                      175         108                  -             100               97              76x                -           100x          6
        Oman                        139         106                 65x             94               91               9x               98            87x        190
        Pakistan                     33         103                 48              45               52              12                54            19         340
        Palau                        97           -                  -               -                -              38x               55            90           -
        Panama                      133         106                 99              96              108              58x               24            86          55
        Papua New Guinea             44         102                 78              85               65               4x               50            20x        930
        Paraguay                    100         107                 97              97              105              50                69            66         160
        Peru                         72         108                 87              96x              91x             64                51            56         280
        Philippines                  93         106                 99             101              102x             40                47            53         280
        Poland                      147         113                 99x             98              101              75x                -            99x         19
        Portugal                    164         110                 95              97              117              66x                -            90x         15
        Qatar                       132         107                101              94              100              32x                -            97x          -
        Romania                     117         111                 98              99              101              57                 -           100x        130
        Russian Federation          117         122                 99              99              108               -                 -             -          75
        Rwanda                       19         106                 74              97               82              21                43            26        1300
        Saint Kitts and Ne           93          93                100x              -                -              41x                -           100x          -
        Saint Lucia                 127          93                  -               -                -              47x                -            99x          -
        Saint Vincent/Gren          123          92                  -               -                -              58x                -            73x          -
        Samoa                        77         106                  -               -                -              21                96            95x         35
        San Marino                  149           -                  -               -                -               -                 -             -           -
        Sao Tome and Princ           57          92                 58x              -                -              10x               49            86x          -
        Saudi Arabia                108         106                 69              95               82               -                60            82x        130
        Senegal                      36         104                 53              75               52              13                34            46        1200
        Seychelles                  136          91                104x              -                -               -               100            99x          -
        Sierra Leone                  3         109                 40              70               55               4x               65            25x       1800
        Singapore                   189         105                 90              98x             103x             74x                -           100x         10
        Slovakia                    154         113                  -             100              106              74                 -             -           -
        Slovenia                    175         113                 99x            100              102               -                 -             -          13
        Solomon Islands             113         107                  -              87               67              25                63            87x          -
        Somalia                      10         106                 39x             53x              56x              1x               28             2x       1600
        South Africa                 69         110                100              97              116              50x               26x           82         230
        Spain                       186         109                 98             101              112              59x                -            96x          7
        Sri Lanka                   136         106                 94              98              111              66                81            94         140
        Sudan                        42         106                 60              79               79               8                44            69         660
        Suriname                    104         107                 96              97x             116x              -                99x           91x          -
        Swaziland                    53         109                 97              95               96              21x               65            55x        560
        Sweden                      189         107                  -             100              101              78x                -           100x          7
        Switzerland                 186         109                  -             102               96              71x                -            99x          6
        Syria                       100         108                 65              90               82              36                78            67         180
        Tajikistan                   61         109                100              97               90               -                 -             -         130
        Tanzania                     29         106                 72              97               83              16                92            53         770
        TFYR Macedonia              108         106                  -              99              102               -                91x            -           -
        Thailand                     93         109                 96              99               97              74                88            71x        200
        Togo                         38         106                 55              66               35              12x               43            54x        640
        Tonga                       123          93                  -               -                -              39                88            92           -
        Trinidad and Tobag          143         107                 98             100              105              53x               19x           98x         90
        Tunisia                      97         103                 70              92               91              60                80            69x        170
        Turkey                       82         108                 78              93               66              63                32            76         180
        Turkmenistan                 58         111                 98x              -                -               -                 -             -          55
        Tuvalu                       74           -                  -               -                -               -                53             -           -
        Uganda                       30         105                 68              80               57              15                55            38        1200
        Ukraine                     121         116                101             100              108               -                 -           100x         50
        United Arab Emirat          139         103                101              96              110               -                 -            96x         26
        United Kingdom              164         108                  -             100              102              82                 -           100x          9
        United States               163         110                  -              99               99              74x                -            99x         12
        Uruguay                     127         109                101              99              119              84                13x           96x         85
        Uzbekistan                   71         111                100              97               88              56                 -             -          55
        Vanuatu                      77         106                 84x            102               78              15                15            86x        280
        Venezuela                   115         107                 98             103              141              49x               60            69x        120
        Viet Nam                     85         108                 94              94x              93x             65                82            95x        160
        Yemen                        50         102                 49x             40               24               7                55            16        1400
        Yugoslavia, Fed. R          127         107                 98             104              103               -                 -             -           -
        Zambia                       13         102                 83              93               61              15                48            51         940
        Zimbabwe                     65         104                 89              93               80              48                65            69         570


        Regional summaries
        Sub-Saharan Africa                      106                 71              82               80              15                38            37         980
        Middle East and North Af                104                 67              86               82              46                57            62         320
        South Asia                              101                 57              77               63              38                71            29         610
        East Asia and Pacific                   105                 84              97               88              74                35            75         210
        Latin America and Caribb                109                 97              97              109              64                58            78         190
        CEE/CIS and Baltic State                113                 97              98               98              64                 -            90          85
        Industrialized countries                109                 98             100              101              72                 -            99          13
        Developing countries                    104                 78              88               81              54                51            53         470
        Least developed countrie                104                 63              79               59              19                48            29        1100
        World                                   105                 81              90               86              57                51            57         430

        Countries in each region can be found in the Regional summaries country list.

Definitions of the indicators

Life expectancy at birth - The number of years newborn
children would live if subject to the mortality risks
prevailing for the cross-section of population at the time of
their birth. 

Adult literacy rate - Percentage of persons aged 15 and over
who can read and write. 

Primary or secondary enrolment ratios - The number of
children enrolled in a schooling level (primary or
secondary), regardless of age, divided by the population of
the age group which officially corresponds to that level.

Contraceptive prevalence - Percentage of married women aged
15-49 years currently using contraception. 

Births attended - Percentage of births attended by
physicians, nurses, midwives, or primary health care workers
trained in midwifery skills. 

Maternal mortality rate - Annual number of deaths of women
from pregnancy-related causes per 100,000 live births.
Several of the maternal mortality rates in table 7 are
substantially different from official government estimates.
These and other rates are being reviewed by WHO and UNICEF
and will be revised where necessary, as part of the ongoing
process of improving maternal mortality estimates. 


Main data sources

Life expectancy - United Nations Population Division.

Adult literacy - United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization (UNESCO). 

School enrolment - United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and Demographic and Health
Surveys. 

Immunization - World Health Organization (WHO), UNICEF,
Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) and Demographic and
Health Surveys (DHS).

Contraceptive prevalence - United Nations Population Division
and Demographic and Health Surveys. 

Births attended - World Health Organization (WHO).

Maternal mortality - World Health Organization (WHO) and
UNICEF. 



Notes

- Data not available.
x Indicates data that refer to years or periods other than
  those specified in the column heading, differ from the
  standard definition, or refer to only part of a country. 

                                 * * * *

        Table 8: The rate of progress

                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                          GNP per capita
                                                                          average annual rate of          average annual                            average annual
                                                                               reduction (%)                growth rate       Total fertility rate     rate of
                                              Under-5 mortality rate                                            (%)                                  reduction (%)
                                       U5MR                                                  required
                                       rank   1960      1980    1996     1960-80   1980-96   1996-2000    1965-80 1985-95      1960  1980   1996    1960-80 1980-96

        Afghanistan                       4    360       280     257        1.3       0.5        32.5       0.6      -          6.9   7.1    6.9       -0.1    0.2
        Albania                          88    151        57      40        4.9       2.2         9.6        -     -6.0         5.9   3.8    2.7        2.2    2.1
        Algeria                          92    255       139      39        3.0       7.9         4.9       4.2    -2.4         7.3   6.8    4.0        0.4    3.3
        Andorra                         175     -         -        6         -         -           -         -       -           -     -      -          -      -
        Angola                            2    345       261     292        1.4      -0.7        35.7        -     -6.1         6.4   6.9    6.8       -0.4    0.1
        Antigua and Barbuda             127     -         -       22         -         -           -         -      2.7          -     -      -          -      -
        Argentina                       117     72        38      25        3.2       2.6         7.3       1.7     1.8         3.1   3.3    2.7       -0.3    1.3
        Armenia                         108     48        28      30        2.7      -0.4         9.3        -    -15.1         4.5   2.4    1.8        3.1    1.8
        Australia                       175     24        13       6        3.0       4.7         0.0       2.2     1.4         3.3   2.0    1.9        2.5    0.3
        Austria                         175     43        17       6        4.6       7.1        -3.4       4.0     1.9         2.7   1.6    1.4        2.6    0.8
        Azerbaijan                       85     75        52      45        1.8       0.9        10.7        -    -16.3         5.5   3.3    2.4        2.6    2.0
        Bahamas                         123     68        35      23        3.3       2.6         4.4        -     -0.8         3.8   2.8    2.0        1.5    2.1
        Bahrain                         127    203        42      22        7.9       4.0         9.1        -      0.2         7.1   4.9    3.1        1.9    2.9
        Bangladesh                       44    247       211     112        0.8       4.0        11.8      -0.3     2.1         6.7   6.4    3.2        0.2    4.3
        Barbados                        152     90        29      12        5.7       5.5         9.2        -      0.8         4.5   2.1    1.7        3.8    1.3
        Belarus                         139     47        26      18        3.0       2.3         7.6        -     -5.2         2.7   2.1    1.5        1.3    2.1
        Belgium                         164     35        15       7        4.3       5.0         1.5       3.6     2.2         2.6   1.6    1.6        2.4    0.0
        Belize                           85    104        70      44        2.0       2.9         7.4        -      3.9         6.5   5.8    3.8        0.6    2.6
        Benin                            31    310       176     140        2.8       1.4        17.3      -0.3    -0.3         6.9   7.1    6.0       -0.1    1.1
        Bhutan                           36    300       227     127        1.4       3.6        14.9        -      4.9         5.9   5.9    5.9        0.0    0.0
        Bolivia                          51    252       170     102        2.0       3.2         9.4       1.7     1.8         6.7   5.6    4.5        0.9    1.4
        Bosnia and Herzegovina          143    155        38      17        7.0       5.0         6.1        -       -          4.0   2.1    1.4        3.2    2.5
        Botswana                         80    170        94      50        3.0       3.9         4.8       9.9     6.1         6.8   6.1    4.6        0.5    1.8
        Brazil                           79    177        92      52        3.3       3.6         6.6       6.3    -0.8         6.2   4.0    2.3        2.2    3.5
        Brunei Darussalam               154     87        22      11        6.9       4.3        10.9        -       -          6.9   4.1    2.8        2.6    2.4
        Bulgaria                        136     70        25      19        5.1       1.7        11.5        -     -2.6         2.2   2.1    1.5        0.2    2.1
        Burkina Faso                     23    318       246     158        1.3       2.8        20.4       1.7    -0.2         6.7   7.8    6.7       -0.8    1.0
        Burundi                          17    255       193     176        1.4       0.6        23.0       2.4    -1.3         6.8   6.8    6.4        0.0    0.4
        Cambodia                         19    217       330     170       -2.1       4.1        22.2        -      2.0         6.3   4.6    4.6        1.6    0.0
        Cameroon                         51    264       173     102        2.1       3.3         9.4       2.4    -6.6         5.8   6.4    5.4       -0.5    1.1
        Canada                          164     33        13       7        4.8       4.0         4.0       3.3     0.4         3.8   1.7    1.6        4.0    0.4
        Cape Verde                       65    164        95      73        2.7       1.7        10.1        -      2.1         7.0   6.5    3.7        0.4    3.5
        Central African Rep.             21    343       180     164        3.2       0.6        21.3       0.8    -2.4         5.6   5.8    5.1       -0.2    0.8
        Chad                             27    325       206     149        2.3       2.0        18.9      -1.9     0.6         6.0   5.9    5.6        0.1    0.3
        Chile                           149    138        35      13        6.9       6.2        -0.9       0.0     6.1         5.3   2.8    2.5        3.2    0.7
        China                            82    209        65      47        5.9       2.0        10.2       4.1     8.3         5.7   2.9    1.8        3.4    3.0
        Colombia                        104    130        58      31        4.0       3.9         3.7       3.7     2.6         6.8   3.8    2.8        2.9    1.9
        Comoros                          39    248       167     122        2.0       2.0        13.9        -     -1.4         6.8   7.1    5.7       -0.2    1.4
        Congo                            48    220       125     108        2.8       0.9        10.8       2.7    -3.2         5.9   6.3    6.0       -0.3    0.3
        Congo, Dem. Rep.                 12    302       210     207        1.8       0.1        27.1      -1.3    -8.5         6.0   6.6    6.4       -0.5    0.2
        Cook Islands                    108     -         37      30         -        1.3         8.6        -       -           -     -      -          -      -
        Costa Rica                      146    112        29      15        6.8       4.0         8.7       3.3     2.8         7.0   3.7    3.0        3.2    1.3
        Côte d'Ivoire                    25    300       170     150        2.8       0.8        19.1       2.8    -4.3         7.2   7.4    5.3       -0.1    2.1
        Croatia                         154     98        23      11        7.2       4.6         5.9        -       -          2.3   2.0    1.6        0.7    1.4
        Cuba                            159     54        22      10        4.5       4.7         4.5        -       -          4.2   2.0    1.6        3.7    1.4
        Cyprus                          159     36        20      10        2.9       4.7         4.6        -      4.6         3.5   2.4    2.3        1.9    0.3
        Czech Rep.                      164     25        19       7        1.4       6.6        -2.9        -     -1.8         2.3   2.2    1.5        0.2    2.4
        Denmark                         175     25        10       6        4.4       3.1         1.2       2.2     1.5         2.6   1.6    1.8        2.4   -0.7
        Djibouti                         24    289       199     157        1.9       1.5        20.2        -       -          7.0   6.6    5.5        0.3    1.1
        Dominica                        133     -         -       20         -         -          6.7        -      4.1          -     -      -          -      -
        Dominican Rep.                   74    149        92      56        2.4       3.1         6.4       3.8     2.1         7.4   4.3    2.9        2.7    2.5
        Ecuador                          88    180       101      40        2.9       5.8         4.6       5.4     0.8         6.7   5.1    3.2        1.4    2.9
        Egypt                            58    282       175      78        2.4       5.1         2.7       2.8     1.1         7.0   5.2    3.5        1.5    2.5
        El Salvador                      88    210       120      40        2.8       6.9         2.6       1.5     2.8         6.8   5.1    3.2        1.4    2.9
        Equatorial Guinea                18    316       243     173        1.3       2.1        22.6        -      2.3         5.5   5.7    5.6       -0.2    0.1
        Eritrea                          41    250       195     120        1.2       3.0        13.5        -       -          6.6   6.1    5.5        0.4    0.6
        Estonia                         145     52        25      16        3.7       2.8         3.3        -     -4.3         2.0   2.1    1.4       -0.2    2.5
        Ethiopia                         16    280       213     177        1.4       1.2        23.2       0.4    -0.3         6.9   6.9    7.0        0.0   -0.1
        Fiji                            121     97        42      24        4.2       3.5         3.6        -      2.0         6.4   3.9    2.8        2.5    2.1
        Finland                         189     28         9       4        5.9       4.4        -1.1       3.6    -0.2         2.7   1.7    1.8        2.3   -0.4
        France                          175     34        13       6        4.9       5.2        -2.6       3.7     1.5         2.8   1.9    1.7        1.9    0.7
        Gabon                            28    287       194     145        2.0       1.8        18.2       5.6    -8.2         4.1   4.4    5.3       -0.4   -1.2
        Gambia                           49    375       250     107        2.0       5.3        10.6        -      0.3         6.4   6.5    5.3       -0.1    1.3
        Georgia                         113     70        44      29        2.3       2.6         8.4        -    -17.0         2.9   2.3    2.0        1.2    0.9
        Germany                         175     40        16       6        4.7       6.2        -0.4       3.0     1.9         2.4   1.5    1.3        2.4    0.9
        Ghana                            47    213       155     110        1.6       2.1        11.3      -0.8     1.4         6.9   6.5    5.4        0.3    1.2
        Greece                          161     64        23       9        5.2       5.9         4.6       4.8     1.3         2.2   2.1    1.4        0.2    2.5
        Grenada                         104     -         -       31         -         -          5.7        -       -           -     -      -          -      -
        Guatemala                        74    204       140      56        1.9       5.7         1.2       3.0     0.3         6.9   6.3    5.0        0.5    1.4
        Guinea                           11    380       300     210        1.2       2.2        27.5       1.3     1.4         7.0   7.0    6.7        0.0    0.3
        Guinea-Bissau                     6    336       290     223        0.7       1.7        29.0      -2.7     2.0         5.1   5.7    5.5       -0.6    0.2
        Guyana                           56    126        90      83        1.7       0.5         8.1        -      0.6         6.5   3.6    2.4        3.0    2.5
        Haiti                            34    260       200     134        1.3       2.5        16.2       0.9    -5.2         6.3   5.3    4.7        0.9    0.8
        Holy See                          -      -         -       -         -         -           -         -       -           -     -      -          -      -
        Honduras                         97    204       101      35        3.5       6.6         0.7       1.1     0.1         7.5   6.3    4.5        0.9    2.1
        Hungary                         152     57        26      12        3.9       4.8         2.4       5.1    -1.0         2.0   2.0    1.5        0.0    1.8
        Iceland                         186     22         9       5        4.5       3.3        12.6        -      1.0         4.0   2.3    2.2        2.8    0.3
        India                            46    236       177     111        1.4       2.9        11.5       1.5     3.2         5.9   4.7    3.2        1.1    2.4
        Indonesia                        67    216       128      71        2.6       3.7         2.9       5.2     6.0         5.5   4.4    2.7        1.1    3.1
        Iran                             96    233       126      37        3.1       7.7        -1.5       2.9    -1.5         7.2   6.7    4.9        0.4    2.0
        Iraq                             39    171        83     122        3.6      -2.4        33.5        -       -          7.2   6.5    5.4        0.5    1.2
        Ireland                         164     36        14       7        4.6       4.4         4.2       2.8     5.2         3.8   3.2    1.9        0.9    3.3
        Israel                          161     39        19       9        3.6       5.0         2.8       3.7     2.5         3.9   3.3    2.8        0.8    1.0
        Italy                           164     50        17       7        5.3       5.7         1.5       3.2     1.8         2.5   1.7    1.2        1.9    2.2
        Jamaica                         154     76        39      11        3.4       7.8         0.9      -0.1     3.6         5.4   3.8    2.5        1.8    2.6
        Japan                           175     40        11       6        6.6       3.5         9.5       5.1     2.9         2.0   1.8    1.5        0.5    1.1
        Jordan                          117    139        64      25        3.9       5.9         1.0       5.8    -4.5         7.7   7.1    5.3        0.4    1.8
        Kazakstan                        84     74        57      45        1.3       1.5         8.5        -     -8.6         4.5   3.0    2.4        2.0    1.4
        Kenya                            55    202       112      90        2.9       1.4        10.1       3.1     0.1         8.0   7.8    5.0        0.1    2.8
        Kiribati                         61     -         -       76         -         -          6.5        -     -0.6          -     -      -          -      -
        Korea, Dem. People's Rep        108    120        43      30        5.1       2.3         6.3        -       -          5.8   2.8    2.1        3.6    1.8
        Korea, Rep. of                  164    127        18       7        9.8       5.9         3.9       7.3     7.7         6.0   2.7    1.7        4.0    2.9
        Kuwait                          147    128        35      14        6.6       5.6         6.4       0.6     1.1         7.3   5.4    2.9        1.5    3.9
        Kyrgyzstan                       80    115        73      50        2.3       2.4         7.7        -     -6.9         5.1   4.1    3.3        1.1    1.4
        Lao People's Dem. Rep.           35    235       200     128        0.8       2.8        15.1        -      2.7         6.2   6.7    6.7       -0.4    0.0
        Latvia                          133     44        26      20        2.6       1.6        10.2        -     -6.6         1.9   2.0    1.5       -0.3    1.8
        Lebanon                          88     85        40      40        3.8       0.0        10.1        -      2.7         6.3   4.0    2.9        2.3    2.0
        Lesotho                          32    203       168     139        0.9       1.2        17.1       6.8     1.2         5.8   5.7    5.0        0.1    0.8
        Liberia                           5    288       235     235        1.0       0.0        30.3       0.5      -          6.6   6.8    6.5       -0.1    0.3
        Libya                            70    269       118      61        4.1       4.1         4.0       0.0      -          7.1   7.3    6.1       -0.1    1.1
        Liechtenstein                   164     -         -        7         -         -           -         -       -           -     -      -          -      -
        Lithuania                       139     70        25      18        5.1       2.1         7.6        -    -11.7         2.5   2.1    1.6        0.9    1.7
        Luxembourg                      164     41        16       7        4.6       4.8         6.5        -      0.9         2.3   1.5    1.7        2.1   -0.8
        Madagascar                       21    364       216     164        2.6       1.7        21.3      -0.4    -2.2         6.6   6.6    5.8        0.0    0.8
        Malawi                            8    365       290     217        1.1       1.8        28.3       3.2    -0.7         6.9   7.6    6.8       -0.5    0.7
        Malaysia                        149    105        42      13        4.6       7.3        -1.3       4.7     5.7         6.8   4.2    3.4        2.4    1.3
        Maldives                         61    258       129      76        3.5       3.3         7.6        -      5.9         7.0   6.9    6.8        0.1    0.1
        Mali                              7    500       300     220        2.6       1.9        28.6       2.1     0.8         7.1   7.1    6.8        0.0    0.3
        Malta                           154     42        17      11        4.6       2.8         4.3        -      5.1         3.4   2.0    2.1        2.7   -0.3
        Marshall Islands                 54     -         -       92         -         -         10.2        -       -           -     -      -          -      -
        Mauritania                       15    330       175     183        3.2      -0.3        24.0      -0.1     0.5         6.5   6.3    5.1        0.2    1.3
        Mauritius                       123     84        42      23        3.4       3.9         6.9       3.7     5.4         5.8   2.8    2.3        3.6    1.2
        Mexico                          102    148        87      32        2.7       6.3         5.3       3.6     0.1         6.9   4.8    2.9        1.8    3.1
        Micronesia, Fed. States         116     -         -       27         -         -          6.6        -       -           -     -      -          -      -
        Moldova, Rep. of                102     88        52      32        2.6       3.0         6.5        -     -8.2         3.3   2.5    1.9        1.4    1.7
        Monaco                          175     -         -        6         -         -           -         -       -           -     -      -          -      -
        Mongolia                         67    185       112      71        2.5       2.8         5.8        -     -3.8         6.0   6.2    3.4       -0.2    3.8
        Morocco                          64    220       152      74        1.8       4.5         7.3       2.7     0.9         7.2   5.5    3.3        1.3    3.2
        Mozambique                        9    280       280     214        0.0       1.7        27.9        -      3.6         6.3   6.5    6.2       -0.2    0.3
        Myanmar                          25    237       146     150        2.4      -0.2        19.1       1.6     0.4         6.0   5.1    3.4        0.8    2.5
        Namibia                          60    206       114      77        3.0       2.5         8.1        -      2.9         6.0   5.9    5.0        0.1    1.0
        Nauru                           104     -         -       31         -         -           -         -       -           -     -      -          -      -
        Nepal                            42    315       195     116        2.4       3.2        12.6        -      2.4         5.8   6.2    5.1       -0.3    1.2
        Netherlands                     175     22        11       6        3.4       3.8         3.2       2.7     1.9         3.1   1.5    1.6        3.6   -0.4
        New Zealand                     164     26        16       7        2.5       4.7        -0.3       1.7     0.8         3.9   2.1    2.1        3.1    0.0
        Nicaragua                        73    209       143      57        1.9       5.7         3.3      -0.7    -5.4         7.3   6.2    4.0        0.8    2.7
        Niger                             1    320       320     320        0.0       0.0        38.0      -2.5    -2.1         7.3   8.1    7.2       -0.5    0.7
        Nigeria                          14    204       196     191        0.2       0.1        25.1       4.2     1.2         6.5   6.5    6.1        0.0    0.4
        Niue                              -      -         -       -         -         -           -         -       -           -     -      -          -      -
        Norway                          175     23        11       6        3.8       4.1        -0.9       3.6     1.7         2.9   1.8    1.9        2.4   -0.3
        Oman                            139    280        95      18        5.4      10.4        -2.6       9.0     0.3         7.2   7.2    7.2        0.0    0.0
        Pakistan                         33    226       161     136        1.7       1.1        16.6       1.8     1.2         6.9   6.8    5.2        0.1    1.7
        Palau                            97     -         39      35         -        0.7        10.2        -       -           -     -      -          -      -
        Panama                          133    104        31      20        6.0       2.7         9.1       2.8    -0.4         5.9   3.8    2.7        2.2    2.1
        Papua New Guinea                 44    204       112     112        3.0       0.0        11.8        -      2.3         6.3   5.6    4.8        0.6    1.0
        Paraguay                        100     90        61      34        1.9       3.7         8.0       4.1     1.2         6.5   5.2    4.3        1.1    1.2
        Peru                             72    234       126      58        3.1       4.8         3.7       0.8    -1.6         6.9   5.0    3.1        1.6    3.0
        Philippines                      93    107        69      38        2.2       3.7         2.3       3.2     1.5         6.9   4.9    3.7        1.7    1.8
        Poland                          147     70        24      14        5.3       3.6         3.3        -      1.2         3.0   2.3    1.7        1.3    1.9
        Portugal                        164    112        31       7        6.4       9.1        -9.9       4.6     3.6         3.1   2.2    1.5        1.7    2.4
        Qatar                           132    239        55      21        7.3       6.0        -3.4        -     -4.2         7.0   5.8    3.9        0.9    2.5
        Romania                         117     82        36      25        4.1       2.2         4.2        -     -3.8         2.3   2.4    1.4       -0.2    3.4
        Russian Federation              117     65        36      25        3.0       2.3         5.6        -     -5.1         2.6   2.0    1.4        1.3    2.2
        Rwanda                           19    210       218     170       -0.2       1.6        22.2       1.6    -5.4         7.5   8.3    6.2       -0.5    1.8
        Saint Kitts and Nevis            93     -         -       38         -         -          6.5        -      4.8          -     -      -          -      -
        Saint Lucia                     127     -         -       22         -         -         10.1        -      3.9          -     -      -          -      -
        Saint Vincent/Grenadines        123     -         -       23         -         -          7.1        -      3.8          -     -      -          -      -
        Samoa                            77    210       100      53        3.7       4.0         6.2        -      0.2         8.3   5.9    3.9        1.7    2.6
        San Marino                      149     -         -       13         -         -           -         -       -           -     -      -          -      -
        Sao Tome and Principe            57     -         -       80         -         -          7.2        -     -2.1          -     -      -          -      -
        Saudi Arabia                    108    292        85      30        6.2       6.5         0.0       4.0    -1.9         7.2   7.3    6.0       -0.1    1.2
        Senegal                          36    300       218     127        1.6       3.4        14.9      -0.5    -1.2         7.0   6.9    5.8        0.1    1.1
        Seychelles                      136     -         -       19         -         -          7.6        -      4.2          -     -      -          -      -
        Sierra Leone                      3    385       301     284        1.2       0.4        35.0       0.7    -3.6         6.2   6.5    6.2       -0.2    0.3
        Singapore                       189     40        13       4        5.6       7.1        -5.8       8.3     6.2         5.5   1.8    1.8        5.6    0.0
        Slovakia                        154     40        23      11        2.7       4.7         1.9        -     -2.8         3.1   2.4    1.6        1.3    2.5
        Slovenia                        175     45        18       6        4.6       6.8        -2.3        -       -          2.4   2.1    1.3        0.7    3.0
        Solomon Islands                 113    185        56      29        6.0       4.1         4.7        -      3.2         6.4   6.7    5.1       -0.2    1.7
        Somalia                          10    294       246     211        0.9       1.0        27.6      -0.1    -2.3         7.0   7.0    7.0        0.0    0.0
        South Africa                     69    126        91      66        1.6       2.0         7.6       3.2    -1.1         6.5   4.9    3.9        1.4    1.4
        Spain                           186     57        16       5        6.2       7.1        -2.3       4.1     2.6         2.8   2.2    1.2        1.2    3.8
        Sri Lanka                       136    130        52      19        4.6       6.3         9.3       2.8     2.6         5.3   3.5    2.1        2.1    3.2
        Sudan                            42    210       145     116        1.9       1.4        12.6       0.8     0.6         6.7   6.5    4.7        0.2    2.0
        Suriname                        104     96        52      31        3.0       3.3         4.8        -      3.5         6.6   3.8    2.5        2.8    2.6
        Swaziland                        53    233       151      97        2.2       2.7         8.2        -     -1.4         6.5   6.3    4.6        0.2    2.0
        Sweden                          189     20         9       4        4.1       5.1        -1.3       2.0    -0.1         2.3   1.6    1.9        1.8   -1.1
        Switzerland                     186     27        11       5        4.5       4.5         0.5       1.5     0.2         2.4   1.5    1.5        2.4    0.0
        Syria                           100    201        73      34        5.1       4.8         3.5       5.1     0.9         7.3   7.4    4.2       -0.1    3.5
        Tajikistan                       61    140        94      76        2.0       1.3         9.5        -    -13.0         6.3   5.7    4.0        0.5    2.2
        Tanzania                         29    240       176     144        1.6       1.3        18.0       0.8     1.0         6.8   6.8    5.6        0.0    1.2
        TFYR Macedonia                  108    177        69      30        4.7       5.2         2.4        -       -          4.2   2.6    2.0        2.4    1.6
        Thailand                         93    148        58      38        4.7       2.6         8.3       4.4     8.4         6.4   3.6    1.8        2.9    4.3
        Togo                             38    267       175     125        2.1       2.1        14.5       1.7    -2.7         6.6   6.6    6.2        0.0    0.4
        Tonga                           123     -         -       23         -         -          6.1        -      0.5          -     -      -          -      -
        Trinidad and Tobago             143     73        40      17        3.0       5.3         1.4       3.1    -1.7         5.1   3.3    2.2        2.2    2.5
        Tunisia                          97    254       100      35        4.7       6.6         0.2       4.7     1.9         7.1   5.3    3.0        1.5    3.6
        Turkey                           82    219       133      47        2.5       6.5         0.2       3.6     2.2         6.3   4.3    2.6        1.9    3.1
        Turkmenistan                     58    150        95      78        2.3       1.2         9.5        -     -9.6         6.4   5.1    3.7        1.1    2.0
        Tuvalu                           74     -         77      56         -        2.0        10.2        -       -           -     -      -          -      -
        Uganda                           30    224       180     141        1.1       1.5        17.5      -2.2     2.7         6.9   7.0    7.1       -0.1   -0.1
        Ukraine                         121     53        28      24        3.2       1.0        10.1        -     -9.2         2.2   2.0    1.5        0.5    1.8
        United Arab Emirates            139    240        64      18        6.6       7.9         2.9        -     -2.8         6.9   5.4    3.6        1.2    2.5
        United Kingdom                  164     27        14       7        3.1       4.6         4.0       2.0     1.4         2.7   1.8    1.7        2.0    0.4
        United States                   163     30        15       8        3.3       3.8         5.4       1.8     1.3         3.5   1.8    2.0        3.3   -0.7
        Uruguay                         127     56        43      22        1.3       4.1         8.4       2.5     3.1         2.9   2.7    2.3        0.4    1.0
        Uzbekistan                       71    122        78      60        2.2       1.6         8.9        -     -3.9         6.3   4.9    3.6        1.3    1.9
        Vanuatu                          77    225       110      53        3.6       4.6         3.2        -     -1.1         7.2   5.4    4.5        1.4    1.1
        Venezuela                       115     70        42      28        2.6       2.6        12.2       2.3     0.5         6.6   4.2    3.1        2.3    1.9
        Viet Nam                         85    219       105      44        3.7       5.4         4.7        -      4.2         6.1   5.1    3.1        0.9    3.1
        Yemen                            50    340       198     105        2.7       4.0        10.1        -       -          7.6   7.6    7.6        0.0    0.0
        Yugoslavia, Fed. Rep.           127    120        44      22        5.0       4.3         2.4        -       -          2.7   2.3    1.8        0.8    1.5
        Zambia                           13    213       149     202        1.8      -1.9        26.5      -1.2    -0.8         6.6   7.1    5.6       -0.4    1.5
        Zimbabwe                         65    181       125      73        1.8       3.4         7.9       1.7    -0.6         7.5   6.4    4.8        0.8    1.8

        Regional summaries
        Sub-Saharan Africa                     257       197     171        1.3       0.9        23.0       2.8    -0.9         6.6   6.6    5.9        0.0    0.7
        Middle East and North Africa           241       134      65        2.9       4.6         7.6       3.1    -0.9         7.1   6.2    4.5        0.7    2.0
        South Asia                             239       181     119        1.4       2.6        13.4       1.4     2.8         6.1   5.1    3.5        0.9    2.4
        East Asia and Pacific                  201        80      54        4.6       2.5         8.8       4.9     7.4         5.8   3.3    2.1        2.8    2.8
        Latin America and Caribbean            157        87      43        3.0       4.4         6.2       4.0     0.5         6.0   4.2    2.8        1.8    2.6
        CEE/CIS and Baltic States              101        56      36        2.9       2.8         5.2        -     -3.3         3.0   2.5    1.9        0.9    1.9
        Industrialized countries                37        14       7        4.7       4.6         3.5       2.9     1.8         2.8   1.8    1.7        2.2    0.4
        Developing countries                   216       136      97        2.3       2.1        14.5       3.7     2.9         6.0   4.4    3.2        1.6    2.0
        Least developed countries              280       214     171        1.4       1.4        22.3      -0.1     0.0         6.6   6.5    5.3        0.0    1.3
        World                                  192       121      88        2.3       2.0        14.2       3.1     1.9         5.0   3.8    2.9        1.4    1.7

       Countries in each region can be found in the Regional summaries country list.

Definitions of the indicators

Under-five mortality rate Probability of dying between
birth and exactly five years of age expressed per 1,000 live
births.

GNP per capita - Gross national product (GNP) is the sum of
gross value added by all resident producers, plus any taxes
that are not included in the valuation of output, plus
net receipts of primary income from non-resident sources.
GNP per capita is the gross national product, converted to
United States dollars using the World Bank Atlas method,
divided by the mid-year population.

Total fertility rate - The number of children that would be
born per woman if she were to live to the end of her childbearing
years and bear children at each age in accordance with prevailing
age-specific fertility rates. 

Average annual rate of reduction required 1996-2000 - The average
annual reduction rate required, for the period 1996-2000, to achieve
an under-five mortality rate in the year 2000 of 70 per 1,000 live
births or two thirds the 1990 rate, whichever is less.


Main data sources

Under-five mortality - UNICEF, United Nations Population Division
and United Nations Statistics Division.

GNP per capita - World Bank.

Fertility - United Nations Population Division. 


Notes

- Data not available.
x Indicates data that refer to years or periods other than
  those specified in the column heading, differ from the
  standard definition, or refer to only part of a country.

                               * * * *

Regional summaries country list

Regional averages given at the end of each table are
calculated using data from the countries as grouped below.

Sub-Saharan Africa

Angola; Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cameroon;
Cape Verde; Central African Rep.; Chad; Comoros; Congo;
Congo, Dem. Rep.; Cote d'Ivoire; Equatorial Guinea; Eritrea;
Ethiopia; Gabon; Gambia; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Kenya;
Lesotho; Liberia; Madagascar; Malawi; Mali; Mauritania;
Mauritius; Mozambique; Namibia; Niger; Nigeria; Rwanda; Sao
Tome and Principe; Senegal; Seychelles; Sierra Leone;
Somalia; South Africa; Swaziland; Tanzania; Togo; Uganda;
Zambia; Zimbabwe.

Middle East and North Africa

Algeria; Bahrain; Cyprus; Djibouti; Egypt; Iran; Iraq;
Jordan; Kuwait; Lebanon; Libya; Morocco; Oman; Qatar; Saudi
Arabia; Sudan; Syria; Tunisia; United Arab Emirates; Yemen.

South Asia

Afghanistan; Bangladesh; Bhutan; India; Maldives; Nepal;
Pakistan; Sri Lanka.

East Asia and Pacific

Brunei Darussalam; Cambodia; China; Cook Islands; Fiji;
Indonesia; Kiribati; Korea, Dem. People's Rep.; Korea, Rep.
of; Lao People's Dem. Rep.; Malaysia; Marshall Islands;
Micronesia, Fed. States of; Mongolia; Myanmar; Nauru; Niue;
Palau; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; Samoa; Singapore;
Solomon Islands; Thailand; Tonga; Tuvalu; Vanuatu; Viet Nam.

Latin America and Caribbean

Antigua and Barbuda; Argentina; Bahamas; Barbados; Belize;
Bolivia; Brazil; Chile; Colombia; Costa Rica; Cuba; Dominica;
Dominican Rep.; Ecuador; El Salvador; Grenada; Guatemala;
Guyana; Haiti; Honduras; Jamaica; Mexico; Nicaragua; Panama;
Paraguay; Peru; Saint Kitts and Nevis; Saint Lucia; Saint
Vincent/Grenadines; Suriname; Trinidad and Tobago; Uruguay;
Venezuela.

CEE/CIS and Baltic States

Albania; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Belarus; Bosnia and
Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Croatia; Czech Rep.; Estonia; Georgia;
Hungary; Kazakstan; Kyrgyzstan; Latvia; Lithuania; Moldova,
Rep. of; Poland; Romania; Russian Federation; Slovakia;
Tajikistan; TFYR Macedonia; Turkey; Turkmenistan; Ukraine;
Uzbekistan; Yugoslavia, Fed. Rep.

Industrialized countries

Andorra; Australia; Austria; Belgium; Canada; Denmark;
Finland; France; Germany; Greece; Holy See; Iceland; Ireland;
Israel; Italy; Japan; Liechtenstein; Luxembourg; Malta;
Monaco; Netherlands; New Zealand; Norway; Portugal; San
Marino; Slovenia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; United Kingdom;
United States.

Developing countries

Afghanistan; Algeria; Angola; Antigua and Barbuda; Argentina;
Armenia; Azerbaijan; Bahamas; Bahrain; Bangladesh; Barbados;
Belize; Benin; Bhutan; Bolivia; Botswana; Brazil; Brunei
Darussalam; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cambodia; Cameroon; Cape
Verde; Central African Rep.; Chad; Chile; China; Colombia;
Comoros; Congo; Congo, Dem. Rep.; Cook Islands; Costa Rica;
Cote d'Ivoire; Cuba; Cyprus; Djibouti; Dominica; Dominican
Rep.; Ecuador; Egypt; El Salvador; Equatorial Guinea;
Eritrea; Ethiopia; Fiji; Gabon; Gambia; Georgia; Ghana;
Grenada; Guatemala; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Guyana; Haiti;
Honduras; India; Indonesia; Iran; Iraq; Israel; Jamaica;
Jordan; Kazakstan; Kenya; Kiribati; Korea, Dem. People's
Rep.; Korea, Rep. of; Kuwait; Kyrgyzstan; Lao People's Dem.
Rep.; Lebanon; Lesotho; Liberia; Libya; Madagascar; Malawi;
Malaysia; Maldives; Mali; Marshall Islands; Mauritania;
Mauritius; Mexico; Micronesia, Fed. States of; Mongolia;
Morocco; Mozambique; Myanmar; Namibia; Nauru; Nepal;
Nicaragua; Niger; Nigeria; Niue; Oman; Pakistan; Palau;
Panama; Papua New Guinea; Paraguay; Peru; Philippines; Qatar;
Rwanda; Saint Kitts and Nevis; Saint Lucia; Saint
Vincent/Grenadines; Samoa; Sao Tome and Principe; Saudi
Arabia; Senegal; Seychelles; Sierra Leone; Singapore; Solomon
Islands; Somalia; South Africa; Sri Lanka; Sudan; Suriname;
Swaziland; Syria; Tajikistan; Tanzania; Thailand; Togo;
Tonga; Trinidad and Tobago; Tunisia; Turkey; Turkmenistan;
Tuvalu; Uganda; United Arab Emirates; Uruguay; Uzbekistan;
Vanuatu; Venezuela; Viet Nam; Yemen; Zambia; Zimbabwe.

Least developed countries

Afghanistan; Angola; Bangladesh; Benin; Bhutan; Burkina Faso;
Burundi; Cambodia; Cape Verde; Central African Rep.; Chad;
Comoros; Congo, Dem. Rep.; Djibouti; Equatorial Guinea;
Eritrea; Ethiopia; Gambia; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Haiti;
Kiribati; Lao People's Dem. Rep.; Lesotho; Liberia;
Madagascar; Malawi; Maldives; Mali; Mauritania; Mozambique;
Myanmar; Nepal; Niger; Rwanda; Samoa; Sao Tome and Principe;
Sierra Leone; Solomon Islands; Somalia; Sudan; Tanzania;
Togo; Tuvalu; Uganda; Vanuatu; Yemen; Zambia.

                                
                               * * * *


Measuring human development

An introduction to table 8

If development in the 1990s is to assume a more human face
then there arises a corresponding need for a means of
measuring human as well as economic progress. From UNICEF's
point of view, in particular, there is a need for an agreed
method of measuring the level of child well-being and its
rate of change.

The under-five mortality rate (U5MR) is used in table 8 (next
page) as the principal indicator of such progress.

The U5MR has several advantages. First, it measures an end
result of the development process rather than an 'input' such
as school enrolment level, per capita calorie availability,
or the number of doctors per thousand population - all of
which are means to an end.

Second, the U5MR is known to be the result of a wide variety
of inputs: the nutritional health and the health knowledge of
mothers; the level of immunization and ORT use; the
availability of maternal and child health services (including
prenatal care); income and food availability in the family;
the availability of clean water and safe sanitation; and the
overall safety of the child's environment.

Third, the U5MR is less susceptible than, say, per capita GNP
to the fallacy of the average. This is because the natural
scale does not allow the children of the rich to be one
thousand times as likely to survive, even if the man-made
scale does permit them to have one thousand times as much
income. In other words, it is much more difficult for a
wealthy minority to affect a nation's U5MR, and it therefore
presents a more accurate, if far from perfect, picture of the
health status of the majority of children (and of society as
a whole).

For these reasons, the U5MR is chosen by UNICEF as its single
most important indicator of the state of a nation's children.
That is why the tables rank the nations of the world not in
ascending order of their per capita GNP but in descending
order of their under-five mortality rates.

The speed of progress in reducing the U5MR can be measured by
calculating its average annual reduction rate (AARR). Unlike
the comparison of absolute changes, the AARR reflects the
fact that the lower limits to U5MR are approached only with
increasing difficulty. As lower levels of under-five
mortality are reached, for example, the same absolute
reduction obviously represents a greater percentage of
reduction. The AARR therefore shows a higher rate of progress
for, say, a 10-point reduction if that reduction happens at a
lower level of under-five mortality. (A fall in U5MR of 10
points from 100 to 90 represents a reduction of 10 per cent,
whereas the same 10-point fall from 20 to 10 represents a
reduction of 50 per cent).

When used in conjunction with GNP growth rates, the U5MR and
its reduction rate can therefore give a picture of the
progress being made by any country or region, and over any
period of time, towards the satisfaction of some of the most
essential of human needs.

As table 8 shows, there is no fixed relationship between the
annual reduction rate of the U5MR and the annual rate of
growth in per capita GNP. Such comparisons help to throw the
emphasis on to the policies, priorities, and other factors
which determine the ratio between economic and social
progress.

Finally, the table gives the total fertility rate for each
country and its average annual rate of reduction. It will be
seen that many of the nations that have achieved significant
reductions in their U5MR have also achieved significant
reductions in fertility. 

                               * * * *

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